Polygamy Human Rights And Civil Liberties - 3424 Words

Polygamy: Human Rights v. Canadian Constitution Collins Njoroge 200105390 Crim 335 - Human Rights and Civil Liberties Instructor: Danijel Ristic 24TH March, 2015 Cesar Chavez, an American civil rights activist and labor organizer, once stated that the â€Å"[p]reservation of one s own culture does not require contempt or disrespect for other cultures† (University of Florida, n.d., para. 14). This oft-quoted aphorism is particularly relevant in Canada, a multicultural country where certain cultural practices — such as polygamy — are proscribed. In opposing polygamy, critics argue that the cultural practice is incongruent with Canadian values, perpetuates gender inequality, and is inherently harmful to women and children (Reference re: section 293 of the Criminal Code of Canada, 2011). On the other hand, proponents of polygamy contend that prohibition infringes on their Charters of Rights and Freedoms, specifically section 2(a) or freedom of religion (Bala, Duvall-Antonacopoulos, MacRae, Paetsch, 2005). In light of the foregoing, this paper will evaluate the polygamy legislation in Canada for consistency ( or lack thereof) with the Constitution. Acknowledging the complexity of the polygamy debate, this paper will borrow from two competing human rights perspectives — universalist and cultural-relativist perspectives. The former is predicated on individual rights, with a greater focus on civil and political rights, and the latter is predicated on collective rightsShow MoreRelatedThe Constitutional Rights Of The State Of Utah1256 Words   |  6 PagesDefendant, Hale Hallow, is petitioning the court to declare Utah’s state law criminalizing polygamy unconstitutional. Hale Hallow is a faithful member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS, or Mormons) and has relations with multiple different women. He believes that he has a constitutional right to enter into a marriage with more than one of these women. However, Mr. Hallow is being denied such right due to Utah state law. After Utah’s state court of appeals ruled that the law will beRead MoreInternational Covenant On Civil And The United St ates Of The Supreme Court Of British Columbia1041 Words   |  5 Pagesconstitutionality of the polygamy offenses. In 2011 the provincial government decided to get the opinion on the matter from the Supreme Court of British Columbia (BCSC) on the constitutionality of s. 293, now referred to as the Polygamy Reference (Wray, Reimer, Cameron, 2015). The purpose of this paper is to critically assess the inherent harms of polygamy. Specifically, we will look at the harms against women, children, men, and society at large in relation to Polygamy. Polygamy violates s.15 of theRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1537 Words   |  7 Pagesinterracial couple’s right to marry under federal law. In Loving v. Virginia that same year, interracial couples were finally given the right to marry, a landmark decision where civil liberties were finally granted to those deserving. Currently in this country, we are facing another so â€Å"radical redefining of marriage†, the right o f same-sex couples to marry. Given date and secular reason, same-sex couples should be allowed to marry and received the full 1,138 federal marriage rights they are denied becauseRead MorePolicy Advice Memorandum: Equality of Marriage1326 Words   |  5 Pagessame-sex marriage creates a slippery slope scenario in which men and women could marry animals; or in which polygamy and polyandry are also supported in law. While it may be easy to make the slippery slope argument, the fact remains that it is also quite easy to refute. Same-sex marriage protects the rights and freedoms of individuals. Same-sex marriage is a matter of civil liberties. With regards to bestiality, the argument is ridiculous but it bears stating for rhetorical purposes that no courtRead MorePolygamy : A Common Type Of Marriage1468 Words   |  6 PagesDEFINITION Polygamy can be defined as a type of marriage in which more than one spouse exists in the marriage. Bigamy is the act of going into another marriage while already being married to someone else. HISTORY OF POLYGAMY Polygamy dates back to a long time ago and has been practiced for many centuries by people from different cultures and different religious beliefs and backgrounds. Centuries back, the most common type of polygamy was polygyny. No one really knows how or where polygamy originatesRead MoreSame Sex Marriage884 Words   |  4 Pagesof procreation to a married couple, it can lead to not optimum environments for raising children, and it could lead to many more problems. Marriage is a religious right. (03 JCR) Pope John Paul II said, â€Å"Marriage was established by the Creator with its own nature, essential properties and purpose. No ideology can erase from the human spirit the certainty that marriage exists solely between a man and a woman.† Legalizing same sex marriage takes away the purpose of marriage which is procreating andRead MoreGay Marriage Should Not Only Be A Civil Right1569 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica declares itself as the great country of liberty, the great country of opportunities and the great country of equality. As long as an American wants to marry a person of the opposite sex there seems to be no limits to their pursuit of happiness. Even in the progressive, modern year of 2015, the question of whether or not gay couples should be permitted to perform the act of a legal marriage divides the United States of America into two. Although more than half of the states have legalizedRead MoreCivil Disobedience And The Civil War1047 Words   |  5 Pagesour national history was written, for the most part, as a result of civil disobedience. Breaking the laws that England imposed on the colonies was the first step in a revolution that established a new form of representative democracy. Most of the great social changes that have come about over the 200+ years of our existence had its roots in the embracing of breaking a law of the land dutifully enacted by a legislative body. Civil disobedience is the deliberate disobeying of a law, or government directiveRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gay Marriage1367 Words   |  6 Pagespolygamous, incestuous, bestial, and other nontraditional relationships the right to marry (ProCon.org, 2014). Glen Lavy, JD, senior counsel with the Alliance Defense Fund, argued in a May 21, 2008 Los Angeles Times Op-Ed, The movement for polygamy and polyamory is poised to use the successes of same-sex couples as a springboard for further de-institutionalizing marriage. In April 2013, Slate published a plea for legal polygamy by writer Jillian Keenan: Just like heterosexual marriage is no betterRead MoreThe Fight for Gay Rights Essay1226 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom becoming legal in most of the country. Gays and lesbians are Americans just like everyone else, and deserve the same rights. Discrimination to a minority is supposed to be against the law, but still somehow manages to exist for the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgend er) community. Preventing same sex couples from marrying is not only denying them their civil rights, it is also discriminating against their innocent family members. Gay marriage is just another hurdle to be overcome by Americans

The Roman Republic And The Civil War - 2122 Words

The Roman Republic was a system of procedures formed by tradition; there was no written constitution or legally binding legislation. Precedent and consensus set procedure creating the parameters for acceptable behaviour. However, it was near the end of the 2nd century BC, where the system began to deteriorate and fall, ultimately causing civil war in 49 BC. The boundaries of acceptable behaviour were stretched by politicians such as Caesar and Pompey and as a result new perilous precedents were set. Violence along with the use of an army became a political tool in the domestic, political sphere. The civil war laid on the foundations that constitutional methods proved ineffective in the face of an inadequate aristocratic government and therefore Caesar and the senate lead by Pompey used violence and rebellion against each other in an attempt to stabilise the administrative system of government and essentially control Rome. The republic itself, major events such as rebellion and revolt s and individuals and gangs further fuelled the motive for civil war. The corrupted Roman system alongside with personal issues and disagreements became the catalyst for the civil war of 49 BC and consequently set the parameters for the new dictatorial Roman world. More sources in causes The civil war of 49-45 BC was the result of unstable, paradoxical forces and unscrupulous events which effectively tore away at the Roman infrastructure and deterred and undermined the Roman republic.Show MoreRelatedWhat Role Did Civil Wars Play On The Deterioration And Eventual Death Of The Roman Republic?1777 Words   |  8 Pagesinvestigation and the goal of this research project is to answer the question; what role did civil wars play in the deterioration and eventual death of the Roman Republic? It is relevant because it shows the transition of government. The issues that are going to be addressed highlight the political unrest in the Roman Republic and the corruption of different leaders that were one in many reasons why the Republic became an Empire. This research will focus on the time period of 100 to 25 BC and the placesRead MoreThe Battle Between Carthage And Rome1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe three Punic Wars was a series of battles fought between Carthage and Rome that lasted almost a century from 264 BC to 149 BC. As Carthage had the leading power of Western Mediterranean and Rome’s control over the peninsula of Italy. However, both of the two states had different intensions over the island of Sicily leading to the battles of the Punic Wars that soon later ended in a total defeat for Carthage. With the desire of controlling the island of Sicily, Carthage would still have the dominanceRead MoreEffects Of Social Upheavals847 Words   |  4 PagesThe Roman Republic faced two great social upheavals. These two upheavals are known as the Struggle of the Orders and the civil war of the late republic. According to dictionary.com, social upheaval is defined as â€Å"strong or violent change or disturbance, as in a society† These social upheavals had a huge impact on Rome’s government as well as the citizens. The Struggle of the Orders took place from 494 B.C.E. to 287 B.C.E and the civil war of the late republic took place from 133 B.C.E to 27 B.CRead MoreThe Roman And Roman Empire1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe Roman Empire, which was centered in the city of Rome, was the most extensive western civilization of ancient times. With its major advancements and prosperity it is hard to believe that the Roman Empire suddenly collapsed and fell into a time known as the Dark Ages. After a period of struggles for the Roman Empire, the empire gradually fell. Rome was the most successful civilization of its time. Its strategic location in the center of the Italian Peninsula and the fertile plains that supportedRead MoreTaking a Look at the Second Triumvirate1536 Words   |  6 Pageswhich could dominate the Senate and the State† (Scullard) and would prove to be the final straw in an already failed Republican system. The Roman Republic was ruled by a Constitution, which relied on a balance of three elements; The Senate; the Magistrates; the Assemblies. When the balance was upset either by ambitious magistrates, armies or tribunes then civil war was the result. The Senate proved ineffectual in preventing the Second Triumvirate from unbalancing this concept thus the played a significantRead MoreRoman Republic And The Roman Empire1108 Words   |  5 PagesRoman Republic, one of the most famous republic in ancient time, established a form of government comprising three main parts: a few magistrates, a Senate, and several assemblies. R oman Republic was the period of ancient Roman civilization starting with the collapse of the Roman Kingdom in 509 BC, and ended in 27 BC with the founding of the Roman Empire. The government had representatives selected by citizen and ended because of the civil war between powerful generals including Antony and BrutusRead MoreRoman Republic As A Government1484 Words   |  6 PagesRoman Republic The Roman Republic is a government that began in 509 BC and ended in 27 BC. First of all the Romans were trying to overthrow their Etruscan king (Tarquin the Proud). Etruscan kings had ruled for 100’s of years. After overthrowing the last king the Roman Republic formed. It’s a government in which citizens and representatives were to rule. The Republic was quite different from a democracy. The Roman Republic operated as two different society classes such as Patricians andRead MoreTriumphal Arch Of Pompey The Great1556 Words   |  7 Pagesand political leaders rose to power through an unofficial alliance. Through their alliance they forever changed how the Roman Republic and Senate were run, and the history of Rome. The first triumvirate included Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus, and Licinius Crassus. Pompey and Crassus were both very influential military and political leaders, having both served as consuls and roman generals. Together they allied with Caesar to move him up into consul status, as well as using his power to help pushRead MoreThe Roman Empire Over Time844 Words   |  4 Pagesthings such as the mythology, religion, education, mathematics, the alphabet, and more were already established in history. The Greeks used all of the knowledge and information to empower themselves, and as a result later civilizations, such as the Romans took many things from the Greeks. Alexander was truly ahead of his times; he possessed the typical features of a Greek warrior, he also was a cunning and intellectually gifted man who influenced many. He was brilliant when it came to devising policyRead MoreChanges and continuities of Roman empire1432 Words   |  6 Pages Between 500 BCE and 500 CE, the Roman civilization experienced changes both politically and culturally. Firstly, Rome’s government transitioned from a Republic to an Empire. Later, that empire was split into two parts; east and west. In terms of changes in culture, it was impacted by the shift in religion, as the Romans shifted from polytheism to monotheism. Despite all the changes, Rome still remained culturally diverse. The Romans overthrew the Etruscans in 509 B.C.E. The Etruscans

Malvolio Essay Paper Example For Students

Malvolio Essay Paper The character Malvolio (meaning literally I mean ill will) is immediately affected by the implications of his name. His personage is implied directly to be one of negative and somewhat disagreeable nature, which is continued and supported throughout the play, leading to his downfall and mockery which both initially seem to be thoroughly deserved, due to his numerous defects of personality. The first evidence of Malvolios undesirable disposition comes with his own first appearance in the play during which he makes a point of insulting the wit and intelligence of Feste I marvel your ladyship takes delight in such a barren rascal. Through doing this he shows himself to be man who condescends to those that he believes to be lower than him in any way, by acting on his own personal belief of superiority, and this later becomes a major player in his downfall. Initial impressions are supported by further vices in Malvolios general character and these lead to further aversion to him. He shows himself to be a strict puritan and this is also suggested by the opinion of Maria The devil a puritan that he is. He denies himself indulgences and pleasure whilst at the same time begrudging these things of others. He makes a point of taking the moral high ground over Maria, Feste and more importantly, his social superior Sir Toby, when he scorns them for their revelries and disorders. This in turn adds to their desire to avenge him and bring him from his level of false authority, back to his true social class of a mere steward at which he is unable to give out orders, but only to receive them. Although he is a man of supposed purity and self-denial in practise, his aspirations are such that he becomes hypocritical. In turn he makes his character one of further malevolence. He secretly longs for the life of a man higher in social status and fancies that through the love of Olivia, he could become such a person having come from my day bed, where I have left Olivia sleeping . At the same time he has great, worldly ambitions which are strictly against the puritan philosophy. This longing for new superiority and strong belief that he will gain it, causes him to be open for trickery and thus provides the starting point of the punishment and humiliation through which he later suffers. In order to try at pleasing Olivia and through doing so attempting at gaining her admiration and love, he carries out deeds at the expense of others. Malvolio is in many ways a time pleaser and he shows this when in the ways of a sycophant, he reports to Olivia the misdemeanours of his superior Sir Toby this uncivil rule; she shall know of it by this hand. Thus he does well in conjuring up further resentment from Sir Toby and the servants, while making his punishment both more justified and more craved by those that he wrongs. A further hypocrisy of Malvolio and yet another vice opposing his puritan philosophy, is his extreme vanity. He places himself on a pedestal above all but Oliv ia, through purposely using language above his station, seemingly memorised from books an affectioned ass, who cons state without book and utters it in great swarthes. He also makes an effort to pride himself on his physical appearance should she fancy, it should be one of my complexion which he seems to assume is one to be admired. He is generally proud about all aspects of himself, to such an extent that he is greatly bordering on superciliousness. Overall, with taking into consideration the negative and truly objectionable aspects of Malvolio, it can be seen that he does in fact need to be taught a lesson about the downfalls of his disdainful ways. The fact that he is so totally self satisfied, means that convincing him of anothers love (i.e. Olivias) is easy to achieve it is hisfaith that alllove him and on that vice will my revengework. The letter written by Maria in her ladys hand refers subliminally to each of Malvolios character weaknesses and thus ensures that he is fooled by its meanings. His vanity and value of appearance are both fed by the order to wear yellow stockingsever cross gartered, while his lack of humour and puritan philosophies are tormented by the request for continuous smiles which apparently become him well. He finds his quest for excellence fulfilled by Olivias supposed declaration that he will have greatness thrust upon him, and his own superiority and haughtiness are fed by the suggestion that he be surly with the servants, thus putting himself into the trick of singularity. Simply through succumbing to such a prank and carrying out the orders of the letter, Malvolio is being punished to an appropriate extent. Through believing and acting on them he shows himself to be obtuse, gullible and ironically, lacking in the superiority of mind that he so adamantly believes he possesses. Thus he lets the servants and Sir Toby achieve their aim. The conspiracy, having accomplished its purpose in secretly humiliating Malvolio, should have th en been revealed to him and brought to an end. However it seems that out of sheer cruelty and selfish fun, the pranksters continue the mockery. They take its maliciousness to a further degree, convincing Olivia and other onlookers that Malvolios bizarre behaviour is caused by his insanity rather than their own actions. At the same time they attempt to convince him of this through imprisoning him and twisting his words into those of a lunatic, you speak ill of the devilhow he takes it to heart. The extremity of their prank reaches its peak when Malvolio, locked in a prison begs for the aid of the priest sir Topaz (an impersonation by Feste). At this point Malvolio has lost all sense of human dignity and basic pride while at the hands of such malignant torment, and it is clear that the joke has lost its mere foolery, becoming something more sinister and torturous. Sir Toby himself has this realisation, that such maltreatment of a person is beyond mere revelry, I cannot pursue with any safety this sport to the upshot. Malvolio suffers a great injustice at the hands of his tormentors and is notoriously abused beyond the brink of mere teasing. He does not deserve his latter treatment, as his only crime is his undesirable character and the fact that he wronged his peers with words alone. Ironically, after having been released from his cell it becomes clear that his ways have not improved in the slightest and that he is now filled with resentment for his abusers, as well as for Olivia. He departs at the end, promising to be revenged on the whole pack of them. No rewards are gained and no lessons learnt from his great, unnecessary suffering. .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64 , .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64 .postImageUrl , .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64 , .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64:hover , .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64:visited , .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64:active { border:0!important; } .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64:active , .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64 .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u85b2b0dd853e367bbb7f4a3b23bb4c64:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Brave New World - Compared to Fahrenheit 451 Essay Words/ Pages : 1,149 / 24

The Great Depression Essays (436 words) - Economy, Great Depression

The Great Depression The Great Depression, the worst economic downfall ever in United States history, began late in 1929. Supposedly triggered by the stock market crash. It lasted for nearly a decade. The main cause for the depression was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920s and the extensive stock market speculation that took place during the latter part of that same decade. The devastating economic losses of the 1930s were not limited just to the United States: the effects were also felt in Europe. While Americans were prospering in the 1920s, Europeans were struggling to rebuild themselves after World War I. Factories, homes, and farms had been destroyed in the war. George Orwell states ?several hundred men risk their lives and several hundred women scrabble in the mud for hours?searching for tiny chips of coal? so they could heat their homes. The war even devastated European businesses. Tariffs such as the Fordney-McCumber Act of 1922 and the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 made Europeans unable to sell reasonable quantities of their own goods in the United States. Countries such as Britain, Italy, France, Belgium, Russia, Yugoslavia, Estonia, and Poland borrowed money from the United States government in order to support themselves. By time the 1930s came about and the war had passed, these countries were in no economic position to repay their debts. In Britain, the Conservative party tried to increase the amount of exports by decreasing the value of the pound. They also lowered interest rates on loans in order to gain the interest of industry. These Conservative ideas failed. Unemployment started to drastically decline when Britain began to rearm. Whereas Britain suffered severe economic problems before the Great Depression, France was for the most part prosperous. ?Industrial and agricultural production expanded, tourism increased, and the currency was stable. ? France felt the effects of the Great Depression by the decline in trade and production as well as the increase in unemployment. The policies of the New Deal relieved the situation at hand, but complete recovery from the depression came about only with the heavy defense spending in the 1940s. The Great Depression is a broad subject viewed by numerous aspects. All of which go into great detail. No matter how you depict the harsh time in economic history, the bond between the effects of the United States and of Europe can be described as follows: The weak international economy of the 1930s. Europe was reliant upon U.S. loans to buy U.S. goods, and the U.S. needed Europe to buy these goods to prosper. History Essays

Technology The Good, The Bad and Where We Are Headed Professor Ramos Blog

Technology The Good, The Bad and Where We Are Headed Edmund, Eric â€Å"WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Report 2010.† World Health Organization, World Health Organization, 29 Aug. 2016. We’ve all seen, or at least have heard about, the action movie Terminator, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger. In the movie, robots become so powerful that they end up using weapons and force to try to take over the human race. It ends up becoming an all out war. Humans vs Robots. That doesn’t sound like a very bright future to live in. Yet, many people speculate that this is the type of scenario we are heading into with all of the new AI technology being developed every single day. Others say that technology has helped humanity with some of the most important inventions and events in history, including the early findings of electricity, to the now privately funded space exploration companies such as SpaceX launching their own rockets and satellites into space. Now the question still to be answered: Is technology good for us or bad for us and where are we headed? The Good How is technology good for us? Technology has done many wonderful things, such as give us means of transportation worldwide, help advance medicine, give us ways to communicate and even surf the web. Technology in medicine has become so advanced in the past 200 years that it has just about doubled the average world life expectancy. In 1800, the average life expectancy in Europe was 35-40 years old, while â€Å"today’s life expectancy in Europe is about 73 years old.†(Griffin) Some of the many wondrous technologies that have been created to improve the healthcare system include X-ray machines, prosthetic limbs, and electronic medical records. All of these are used in the medical field daily. People used to die from the common cold in the 1700’s, now people are beating cancer because of all of the new research tools and lab work and medicines that humans have created. Besides healthcare, technology has helped humans create a wide variety of things to help us in our everyday lives. We take a lot of things we use daily for granted such as cars, cellphones, and even running water. Running water may not seem like a huge deal now because a lot of the living generations grew up with running water, but back when people were throwing their waste in the streets, running water was a life changing technology for them. According to the World Health Organization, â€Å"87 percent of the world’s population gets their drinking water from safe and secure sources.† (World Health Organization). Furthermore, it has never been easier than now to communicate with someone, whether they are a mile away or halfway across the world. Now it takes a phone call to contact someone no matter where they are in the world, when a couple centuries ago, it would have taken months to send a letter to someone who was across the world. In 2016 approximately â€Å"62.9 p ercent of the world population had a cellphone with mobile data.† (Statista). The Bad As much as technology is helping our quality of life, it is also taking it away from us as well. â€Å"The average life expectancy in the United States in 2040 is projected to decline about 20 spots in the world ranking†(Chavez). This huge decline is due to the massive influx of obese people, especially obese children. Although we will be projected to gain 1.1 years of life by 2040, other countries are projected to gain 5 or more years of life(Chavez). Technology plays a huge role in this situation because it is simply making us lazier than ever. With entertainment like youtube and video games being easily accessible through things such as tablets and smartphones, a lot of children in adolescents, about 42 percent who use a tablet or smartphone daily(Odgers), no longer feel the need to go outside and play. Also, with apps such as ubereats and postmates, you no longer need to leave your house to get food. Not all technology created has been good. There have been unimaginable tragedies of war and other horrific events that have come from the smartest minds in the world, such as Wernher Von Braun, who was forced to create things such as bombs and nuclear weapons. â€Å"Wernher Von Braun created the famous V-2 ballistic missile in 1937†(Harbaugh),which has been estimated to kill upwards of 30,000 civilian deaths in London, England in World War 2(Harbaugh). Chemical warfare has evolved immensely, and it has not been for the better. The first use of widespread chemical warfare was mustard gas in World War 1, which was visible to the eye and you could smell it. Now countries are creating chemicals that are invisible and odorless which is very dangerous as it can be used any time and no one would know. We also have the technology of unmanned drones that are carrying strikes from someone that is halfway across the world and almost always have civilian casualties. Scientists are creatin g robots every day, some of these robots are able to operate weapons systems. Scientists are getting closer and closer to creating real life terminators. If this is where the new age of war technology is headed, the future is going to be very scary. Where We Are Headed Scientists are also creating AI technology and creating more and more every day. Imagine a robot who can think for itself, and essentially be the smartest thing alive since it would have an unlimited amount of knowledge resources from the internet. What happens when the AI technology discovers it is smarter than humans? What happens if someone is able to hack into the AI and give it the wrong ideas or turn the AI against humans? We simply do not know because the technology is so new and we do not know the limits of the technology. Another huge issue related with the internet is the new age of cyberbullying and hacking. In 2016, suicide attempts caused from cyberbullying increased by 8.7 percent in high school students. In 2011, 15 percent of parents reported that their child had been cyberbullied. In 2016, that number jumped to a staggering 35 percent. (Edmund) These are only the reported numbers, imagine how many kids are getting cyberbullied without their parents knowledge. Cyberbullying is becoming an epidemic that is causing children to self harm and even commit suicide. Overall, technology has the power to save lives and make everyday life easier, but it also has the power to hurt us and even take lives. It all depends on how technology is being used and which direction it is being pushed. Depending on how we use technology, we could be a super advanced civilization or we could end ourselves with war and destruction. It is up to us to decide our fate. Work Cited Chavez, Robert. â€Å"U.S. Life Expectancy Rankings to Drop By 2040.† Health.com Edmund, Eric â€Å"WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Report 2010.† World Health Organization, World Health Organization, 29 Aug. 2016. Griffin, J P. â€Å"Changing Life Expectancy throughout History.† Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, The Royal Society of Medicine, 1 Dec. 2008 Harbaugh, Jennifer. â€Å"Biography of Wernher Von Braun.† NASA, NASA, 18 Feb. 2016, Odgers, Candice. â€Å"Smartphones Are Bad for Some Teens, Not All.† Nature, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 22 Feb.

The prevalence of dental caries in European Children (0-18 years) and Associated Risk Factors The WritePass Journal

The prevalence of dental caries in European Children (0-18 years) and Associated Risk Factors Introduction The prevalence of dental caries in European Children (0-18 years) and Associated Risk Factors IntroductionMethods Review Questions ObjectivesSource of Information Search StrategyInclusion Criteria Exclusion criteriaQuality Assessment SystemData Extraction SystemResultsDiscussionReferencesRelated Introduction Dental caries (also known as tooth decay or a cavity) is a disease where bacteria (in the presence of food) damage the hard tooth structure (Enamel, Dentin and Cementum). Acs et al. (1992) showed that three year-olds with nursing caries (caries caused due to prolonged breast and bottle feeding) with atleast one pulpally involved tooth were likely to weigh about 1 kg less than the children without nursing caries. They also reported that, when dental rehabilitation was carried out, the children’s growth rate increased. Therefore, it appears that the poor oral conditions were compromising nutritional intake. Poor oral health can have a profound effect on general health and quality of life (Peterson et al., 2005). The decline in the prevalence of dental caries in Western European countries was documented at the ‘Second International Conference of Declining Caries‘  Ã‚   held in London in April 1994 (Naylor, 1994). In Central and Eastern Europe, the prevalence of caries is still high and there are no signs of substantial improvements. In the recent years an increasing number of papers have shown that the prevalence of dental caries was highest in the lowest socioeconomic strata with the immigrants of Europe (Bratthall et al., 2000) showing the skewed nature. Dental caries is still a common disease among children and adolescents (Nithila et al., 1998; Marthaler, 2004) and affects 46% of 4-year-old children (Stecksà ©n-Blicks et al., 2004) and 80% of 15-year-olds (Hugoson et al., 2005). Furthermore, there is a trend in many developed countries for the prevalence of dental caries to increase again, especially among young children (Haugejorden and Birkeland, 2002; Stecksà ©n-Blicks et al., 2004), after a long period of caries decline (Marthaler, 2004). The purpose of this systematic literature review is to summarize the prevalence of dental caries in European children (0-18 years) since 1995 (end of decline) till March, 2011. Methods â€Å"A systematic literature review can be defined as the rigorous search, selection, appraisal, synthesis and summary of the findings of the primary research in   order to answer a specific question† (Parahoo, 2006:134) Review Questions    What is the available evidence regarding the prevalence of dental caries in European children (0-18 years) since 1995? What are the factors associated with such prevalence? Objectives    To investigate the prevalence of dental caries among children up to the age of 18 years. To study the risk factors associated with the prevalence. To analyze the data odds ratio and confidence interval were reported. Odds ratio is the ratio of the odds of an event occurring in one group to the odds of it occurring in another group. Source of Information PubMed and Science Direct were extensively searched to retrieve articles. An additional supplementary search was also done. The initially identified papers were carefully examined which provided the further relevant articles. Other UEL-databases (Medline, EBSCO, Project Muse) were also searched. An additional advanced search was done on British Dental Journals. Search Strategy The key words included in the search strategies in PubMed and Science Direct were (dental caries, prevalence, Europe, children, risk factors) related to the research questions. One of the search strategy is described in detail below: Search Strategy PubMed: (Epidemiology[Subheading] OR Epidemiology[All Fields] OR Prevalence[MeSH Terms]) AND (Dental Caries[MeSH Terms]) AND (Europe[MeSH Terms] OR Europe[All Fields])=3484 (Epidemiology[Subheading] OR Epidemiology[All Fields] OR Prevalence[MeSH Terms]) AND (Dental Caries[MeSH Terms]) AND (Europe[MeSH Terms] OR Europe[All Fields]) AND (Risk Factors[MeSH Terms])=387 ((Epidemiology[Subheading] OR Epidemiology[All Fields] OR Prevalence[MeSH Terms]) AND (Dental Caries[MeSH Terms]) AND (Europe[MeSH Terms] OR Europe[All Fields]) AND (Risk Factors[MeSH Terms]) AND (Infant[MeSH Terms] OR Child[MeSH Terms] OR Adolescent[MeSH Terms])=302 ((Epidemiology[Subheading] OR Epidemiology[All Fields] OR Prevalence[MeSH Terms]) AND (Dental Caries[MeSH Terms]) AND (Europe[MeSH Terms] OR Europe[All Fields]) AND (Risk Factors[MeSH Terms]) AND (Humans[MeSH Terms]) AND English[lang] AND (Infant[MeSH Terms] OR Child[MeSH Terms] OR Adolescent[MeSH Terms]) AND (1995[PDAT] : 2011[PDAT]))Limits: English, Humans=179 Total 179 articles were retrieved in this single search.   The titles of 179 journals were read and inclusion- exclusion criteria were applied and 50 papers were selected. (2,4,7,8,10,12,14,20,21,23,24,26,29,31,34,35,36,39,42,44,47,49,51,55,56,60,63,64,65,67,70,73,74,75,77,82,84,88,90,98,109,110,111,112,118,122,128,129,143,147). Abstracts of 50 papers were critically read and finally six papers were included in the study. Four papers were identified and included from the reference lists, three papers were added by the manual searching of local journals (to include papers from all geographical regions of Europe) and one journal was retrieved from British Dental Journals. Sixteen papers from different countries of Europe (England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, Norway, Kosovo, Germany, Lithuania, Spain, Latvia, Sweden, Portugal, Turkey and Greece) were included in this review. Inclusion Criteria Studies conducted in Europe. Studies reporting overall prevalence of dental caries in dmft/DMFT (The number of D=decayed; M=missing due to caries; F=filled T=teeth in a case or individual, one of the most reliable dental caries index). Studies that reported risk factors. Original papers published in English. Studies including children (0-18 years). This age group was chosen because this is the root foundation stage where good habits are developed and incorporated in the daily life. Preventive measures if used give the best outcomes. Studies conducted from 1995. There was constant decline in dental caries in Central and Western Europe till 1995 but after this period, there was a tendency towards an increase in dental caries (Mathaler et al., 1996) the reason to select the studies from 1995 till 2011. Exclusion criteria Studies without the overall prevalence of dental caries. Papers not published in English. Studies not using the World Health Organisation DMFT criteria. Studies with single person opinion. Studies on age group 18years. Studies involving cases with hospital and special dental care needs. Quality Assessment System Wong et al (2008) argued that quality assessing tools like QUOROM, CONSORT, STARD and STROBE were aimed at authors for reporting, not for reviewers and proposed QATSO guidelines for observational studies. As QATSO was used, the following parameters and scoring system were considered for this review, for methodological flaws (internal validity and generalisation (external validity). : Sample size:   ≠¥1000=1,   1000=0. Response Rate: ≠¥60%=1, 60%=0. Number of recruitment sites: ≠¥5=1, 5=0. Sampling strategies: Probabilistic=1, Non-probabilistic=0. Statistical analysis: Yes=1, No=0. Table 1 Each study was coded A to C (on the basis of above criterion) to measure its quality. High Quality (A) score ≠¥4. Fair quality (B) score 2 to 3. Poor Quality (C) – score 2. Data Extraction System Data extraction system comprised of the following sections and each section included a series of questions to extract data. Bibliographic information. Authors. Date of publication (year). Journal title. Focus of the study. Main focus of the study (prevalence of dental caries). Demographic details of participants (European children). Location (Country). Methodology Sampling strategy and sample size. Data collection methods. Data extraction methods. Clinical settings in which children were diagnosed. Strengths of study. Limitations of the study. Findings Results. Conclusions. Recommendations. Results The findings reported in the reviewed studies suggested the prevalence of dental caries ranged from 25% in Scotland (mean dmft1.1) to 86.31% in Kosovo (South Eastern Europe) (dmft-5.8). All the studies used WHO criteria to record the caries index (mean dmft/DMFT) indicating the prevalence of dental caries, this facilitates comparison between the studies of various regions. Three studies (Studies 1, 9 and 16) show very high DMFT in Kosovo (mean DMFT=5.8) and Lativia (mean DMFT=5.0). Sweden, Turkey, Germany, Norway, Portugal, Lithuania and Greece were reported to have mean DMFT index ranging from 2.05 to 3.19 (Studies 3,4,10,12,13,14 and 15). A low caries index (mean DMFT2) was found in the UK (England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) (Studies 2,6,7,8 and 11). Comparing the studies 2 and 11, it was found that the mean DMFT index tends to increase with increasing age (Scotland 2007/08; mean dmft 3 year-olds =1.0, mean dmft five year-olds= 1.87). Studies that reported risk factors mostly used logistic regression to quantify different independent variables (sugar consumption, preventive measures, socioeconomic factors and so on) with dental caries as the dependent variable. Most of the studies used the above mentioned variables. Eagle et al. (2003) (study 3) reported the form in which sugars are consumed as an important predictor for dental caries; consuming sweetened tea and milk increased the risk of caries by 225 times and 15 times (reference water =1) (p0.001) which is statistically significant. The risk of developing caries increased to 1.39, 1.44, 1.46 and 1.68 times when processed sugars were consumed once, twice, three times and four times respectively as opposed to never consuming processed sugars as reference (=1) (Gac Sanit;   Study 5) Socioeconomic factors (study 2,10,11,12,13,14 and 15) were also reported to be an important predictor for causing dental caries. Living in remote areas was reported to be a protective factor with cities as reference. The risk of having caries in remote and rural areas was reported to range between 0.29 times (CI 0.13-0.63; p=0.002) to 0.52 (CI 0.39-0.69) and this is statistically significant. People living in deprived areas (including immigrants) were reported to be more vulnerable. The odds of developing caries was 2.9 times (CI2.31-3.64; p0.001) (study 2), 5.32 times (p0.01) (Study 13) and 5.94 times (p0.01) with native/caries free population as reference. The risk of developing caries was reported to be 1.68 times higher in children with mothers having secondary education as opposed to the children whose mother had done higher studies (Constantine et al. (2011); Study 15). Eagle et al. (2003) (study 3) reported that 70% of the mothers having caries free children knew about caries and its prevention but only 22.5% of mothers having children   with caries were aware of this problem (p0.001). The results were statistically significant. With daily tooth brushing as reference, the risk of having dental caries for children who brushed on alternate days was 1.48 times (CI 1.22-111.78)higher; for children who brushed with two days gap was 1.57 times(CI 0.91-2.33) higher and for those who brushed with gap of three or more days was 1.60 times(CI 1.20-2.28) higher (Study 5). Applying excessive toothpaste while brushing was reported as a risk factor for caries. Risk of caries was 1.32 times (CI 1.10-2.16) and 1.52 times (CI1.20-1.61) higher if the amount of tooth paste used was 2/3 of the tooth brush head size and whole head size respectively with 1/3 of the toothbrush head size as reference(=1) (Study 5). Constantine et al. (2011) reported sealants (material used by dentists to fill the deep pits and fissures (where caries start), of teeth in young children) as a protective factor the risk of having caries in children with sealants was 0.76 times the children without sealant use (OR=0.76; CI=0.57-1.00; p0.05) which was sta tistically significant (Study 15). Discussion Based on sixteen papers, this review demonstrates variation in the prevalence of dental caries in different regions of Europe and it ranged from 1.0 (Scotland) to 5.8 (Kosovo) (dmft).   Although, the prevalence of dental caries has decreased in Western and Central Europe, Eastern Europe is still facing a high prevalence of dental caries. This is similar to the findings of Marthaler, 2004.   In this review lower socio-economic status, sweets consumption and inadequate oral hygiene were reported as major risk factors. Studies 3 and 5 reported sugar consumption as a cause of dental caries. Similar association was reported by Cottrell, 2005. Awareness of mothers and rurality were reported as a protective factor for dental caries in studies 10,11,12 and 13. These findings were similar to Marserijian, Tavres, Hayes, Soncini and Trachtenberg (2008), who showed that caries were higher in urban children of New England than rural children. Tooth brushing was also reported as protective fac tor in study 5. Limitations of the study included, limited exploration of other factors that could be significant due to limited number of papers (+15). Journals could not be retrieved from all the European countries hence the result was generalised more widely. In most of the studies dental mirrors, dental probes, cotton rolls and natural daylight were used and these conditions were sub-optimal. Radiographs, artificial light and compressed air were not available. Finally, no attempt was done to perform a meta-analysis in the review to give a pooled prevalence. Despite, above mentioned limitations, this review can serve as a starting point for more ambitious reviews. All the studies included in this review used WHO criteria for recording the prevalence of dental caries (DMFT). The higher prevalence of dental caries in Eastern Europe is attributed to their under developed health system. Hence, there is need to strengthen the health systems in Eastern European countries. Highest caries prevalence is in lowest economic strata (Bratthall et al., 2000). Hence, there is immediate need to target lower socio-economic strata in the public health policies. References   Miller J, Vaughan-Williams S E, Furlong R, Harrison L.  Dental caries and childrens weights.  J Epidemiol Community Health  1982;  36: 49–52.  |  PubMed  |  ISI  |  ChemPort  | Acs G, Lodolini G, Kaminski S, Cisneros G J.  Effect of nursing caries on body weight in a pediatric population.  Pediatr Dent  1992;  14: 302–305.  |  PubMed  |  ChemPort  | Acs G, Shulmann R, Ng M W, Chussid S.  The effect of dental rehabilitation on the body weight of children with early childhood caries.  Pediatr Dent  1999;21: 109–113.  |  PubMed  |  ChemPort  |

Provide answer to 5 different assignments of Employability and Essay

Provide answer to 5 different assignments of Employability and Consulting Skills subjects - Essay Example According to Mankin (2009 p. 21) a good event manager should have the required human skills to develop and execute an event. The roles extend beyond personal attributes to professional qualifications that an individual poses. Event managers are responsible for all events that corporates engage in and thus are supposed to be competitive in boosting the image and profile of the company. I consider this position due to my undoubted professional and personal skills. Throughout my life I have displayed leadership skills that have earned me confidence in leading the right direction. Consequently, I am a person who puts every idea into a thorough process of reasoning to obtain workable solutions. Reasoning in decision making is not a choice but a core ingredient. Managing events require adequate Interpersonal skills since it involves people different personalities and calibers. As such, good interpersonal skills can act to create a good environment. My ability to communicate with different groups of people may justify my reasons for applying for the position of events manager. In agreement with Slater (2010 p. 43), the success of an event cannot be guaranteed if the manager does not poses team management skills. Usually, the team planning or attending an event is so large and may overwhelm the staff and the manager. This may raise confusion and subsequent failure of the event. However, with good team management skills, the manager can allocate roles effectively. With this in mind, I find my role very important in this position. Lastly, I find myself suitable for this role since it requires excellent communication skills. I will apply my skills in influencing success of events. Since all corporate events have objectives, communication skills may assist in attaining them. Marketing is challenging job that requires adequate preparation and experience. In my case, I have undergone a rigorous training at the Kasetsart University

Prices and Problem Solving Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Prices and Problem Solving - Case Study Example Williams, proceeded with it and it was then that Goudberg got in. It was then that they made several trips to the U.S. and that they met with Mr. Herniman which in the course would provide architectural services. It was in September of 2000 that Mr. Herniman got in to the scene. Accordingly, his firm was prepared to undertake a certain amount of preliminary work to assist Williams and Goudberg to get the project happening. In 2002, it was already considered by Williams that the concept was already starting to take its practical shape, but it was in the same year that the project (Industry Food Services Pty Ltd) was incorporated. There was no agreement reached with applebee and no capital was ever obtained. In consideration to the series of events, the work done or performed by both Williams and Goudberg can not in any way considered exploratory or preparatory, but it actually carried out as carrying on a business. In the event that the two were conducting market research, traveling to the U.S. and negotiating with applebee, it can not be concluded as conducting a business at the time that they entered into arrangement with Mr. Herniman. In the conclusion cited by Kellan, and reference with the definition of "partnership, as a relationship which subsist between persons carrying or business in common, with a view of profit." The view of Williams never took to its preliminary stages because as cited in the dispute, nothing really came out, all the activities rendered by both Williams and Goudberg were just exploratory or preparatory in nature. Factual circumstances does not point to any conclusion that there was partnership involved. Herniman, being the respondent was not able to establish that there was really a partnership because as cited "he had never performed any architectural preparations to the proposed project"(reading,2007) Accordingly, his team was prepared to understate a certain amount of preliminary work to assist Williams and Goudberg to get the project happening. Assignment Question 2 Problem Solving A business that is well conceived and well planned possesses certain inherent advantages. At the same time, the fact of its newness may have significant disadvantages(Hamilton 2005) One of these comes in the planning. The starting point of any program of a business is a careful estimate of requirements. The usual starting point of a business forecasts is the record of the immediate past, modified for foreseeable variation during the forecast period. The possibility of substantial errors of forecast is great. Unfortunately, the spirit of optimism which is the necessary accompaniment of new ventures in business tends to produce underestimates rather than overestimates. Lets take a look at one typical case of a business partnership that did not have any starting point of planning. The case of Ken and Maria. The start of their joint venture or partnership is an example of a business that did not have smooth take off. There are rules in establishing a partnership that they have overlooked. At the start, it seemed that Ken was the industrial partner, and Maria was the one who financed everything. Since the registered name of the business bear the names of both

John Updike`s A&P Essay Example for Free

John Updike`s AP Essay â€Å"A P† is first-person narrative revealing the delusively ordinary story related by the checkout boy in the grocery store named in the title. In â€Å"A P† the first-person narrator is defined largely by his tone and vocabulary. Updike molds his protagonist through the use of specific writing style, thus Sammy is casual and colloquial. The customers in his grocery are referred to as â€Å"the sheep† the commonness of which has been one day disturbed by the appearance of a sexually uninhibited, young ladies in bathing suits. Surveying the three girls as they wander the aisles, Sammy describes the girls, and here Updike’s style is prolifically intoxicated with the description of the girls with the flights of slang language, trying to show why these teenagers deserve the sacrifice: chunky with â€Å"a sweet broad soft-looking can†, breasts, on the other hand, become â€Å"two smooth scoops of vanilla†, the shoulder bones become â€Å"dented sheet of metal tilted in the light†. Besides, Sammy’s narration is lard with the discourse markers that make his flow of narration softer and folksy: â€Å"kind of jerk†; â€Å"she kind of led them†; â€Å"she had sort of oaky hair† The colloquial style is expressed not only in the vocabulary of the protagonist but in the violated sentence structures. Updikes uniqueness lies in his process of detachment. Coming in adjective or adverb modifiers rather than main sentence elements, the ironic posture emerges without affecting plot: â€Å"and a tall one, with black hair that hadnt quite frizzed right, and one of these sunburns right across under the eyes, and a chin that was too longyou know, the kind of girl other girls think is very â€Å"striking† and â€Å"attractive† but never quite makes it, as they very well know, which is why they like her so much† Not rare are also broken structures like: â€Å"She had on a kind of dirty-pinkbeige maybe, I dont knowbathing suit†, or â€Å"The sheep pushing their carts down the aislethe girls were walking against the usual traffic (not that we have one-way signs or anything)were pretty hilarious. † The story is presented through the present-tense narration. Such choice of grammar technique imparts narration the sense of immediacy, makes it a chronicle of one event, so that reader feels as if he himself is a witness of that event. â€Å"IN WALKS these three girls in nothing but bathing suits†, â€Å"The girls, and whod blame them, are in a hurry to get out, †, â€Å"Lengel sighs and begins to look very patient and old and gray. † Updikes striking adjectives appear often: â€Å"kind of dirty-pinkbeige maybe†, â€Å"chubby berry-face†, â€Å"long white prima-donna legs†, â€Å"the cat-and-dog-food-breakfastcereal-macaroni-rice-raisins-seasonings-spreadsspaghetti-soft-drinks-crackers-and-cookies aisle†; Their intrusiveness increases and besides literary irony, they produce an ambiguity of intent or author’s attitude (hence diction) in his story, which is matched somewhat by unexpected metaphors or visual comparisons, like â€Å"two smoothest scoops of vanilla†, â€Å"outside the sunshine is skating around on the asphalt outside the sunshine is skating around on the asphalt†, â€Å"his back [was] stiff, as if hed just had an injection of iron†. All of these figures, although appropriate functionally to the text, often call attention to themselves and piece out Updike’s style. Updike, John (1962) Pigeon Feathers, and Other Stories. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Free Essays - The Web of Life in All the Kings Men :: All the Kings Men Essays

The Spider Web of Life   Throughout the novel, All the King's Men by Robert Penn Warren, the characters are constantly feeling the effects of their action later in the book.   Every one of their sinister, sketchy actions were dealt with again later in the book and not in pleasant circumstance.   As Cass Mastern had figured out: †¦the world is like an enormous spider web and if you touch it, however lightly, at any point the vibration ripples to the remotest perimeter and the drowsy spider feels the tingle and is drowsy no more but springs out to fling the gossamer coils about you who have touched the web and then inject the black, numbing poison under your hide.(188-89) This quote is a major theme that is encountered throughout the book.   Jack and the Judge, here is where we mainly see the web at work.   Jack, at the request of Willie, went to dig up dirt on the Judge.   Jack finds so many things out and as he exposes it everything goes wrong, the spider got him.   When Jack reveals his findings to Judge Irwin, his father, he ends up killing himself before Jack has a chance to talk to him father to son.   Although, for the most part, Jack's goal as stated at the beginning of the book was that he was to pursue truth and knowledge, he needed to leave this alone because it was a pursuit of knowledge, but it had no positive motive behind it, and, as we have encountered in previous books throughout the year and throughout this one, truth is not always a good and noble thing.   In this case the truth led to what destroyed the Judge and Jack was pursuing the truth.   The Cass Mastern story provides an interesting parallel to the ongoing saga of Jack Burden and Willie Stark.   Cass is tormented, as Jack is, by the truth and this drives them both to the brink only Cass falls over and can not recover.   Cass hit the spider web when he committed adultery with his good friends wife and after this the venom never seemed to stop flowing.   He could not stop tormenting himself because the ripple in the web he caused had been so huge that it swallowed up his friend and destroyed him.   Cass could not correct what had been done and that destroyed him.   Jack, even though his ripple had also destroyed another, had the opportunity to redeem himself because, even though his action was bad, it truly was in the pursuit of the truth, which, by definition is good.

Accommodating Differences

Multicultural education seeks to create equal educational opportunities for all students, including those from different racial, ethnic and social-class groups. Multicultural education tries to create equal educational opportunities for all students by changing the total school environment so that it will reflect the diverse cultures and groups within a society and within the nation’s classrooms. We will look at three different diverse groups, some common characteristics, challenges an educator may have to accommodate these groups and what special learning opportunities can be offered by such a group represented in a class. The three groups we will focus on by culture are Haitians, East Asians, and Hispanics. Some common characteristics they share are all these groups’ value learning and education for their children, but they all face discrimination as well, from one time or another in and out of school. They value family as the center of the social structure and consider the father as the lead, the decision maker, the authoritative figure. When these immigrants are mainstreamed into Western American schools, we cannot automatically assume they will merge into our culture, but look into the culture from whence they came in order to understand certain ways and behaviors they may exhibit. â€Å"Special challenges educators have for many, diverse immigrant families, the right to a formal education and all the trappings of school life for their children are very new concepts. It is common for the children to quickly assimilate their peers â€Å"norms† about socializing, homework, growing sense of independence and other activities surrounding school. † (Kramer, 2000) These are just a few of these difference of challenges a teacher will have to overcome to accommodate these groups. For instance, Americans, Haitians, and Hispanics upon meeting, shake hands, opposed to East Asians. East Asians bow, or nod their heads. When the other groups refer to themselves, they point to their chest. East Asians refer to themselves by pointing to their nose. While some groups look at you when you talk, and this is considered respect, but the Asians look at it as being rude. Consider this, if you were at a table and someone blew their nose, you would consider that as being disrespectful or rude. Not the Asians. Here you can see how important it is to understand one’s culture. What special learning opportunities can be offered by such a group represented in class? By teaching your students to value their differences, you are creating a truly global classroom and an appreciation of each other; you are showing them how to appreciate the rest of the world. Expose the students to this variety of cultures throughout the term, which will enable them to be more tolerable of each other’s differences. Make discussing the differences in cultures in you classroom an important part of what you and your students do together. Accept the concerns of parents or guardians who are not part of your culture, may be different from the concerns you may have. If you are sensitive to the potential differences when you speak with parents, you will find yourself asking questions that will help you determine what their goals for their children are before you attempt to impose your own beliefs. Stress the importance of an open-minded attitude about people whose beliefs or lifestyles are different from those of your students, and make sure you model that acceptance as well. Have activities and manipulative as a resource to explain the multi-culture of the diverse student(s) in your classroom. This way, everyone learns about each other. Even if you have lived in your community all your life, take time to learn about its various cultural groups. Understanding how these groups are represented in the school system will help you understand your students better. Although teaching students from many cultures can be challenging, one of the most successes of the public school system in America is the variety of cultures that meet in the classrooms each day. At a time when school systems are scrutinized and criticized from many sides, classroom diversity is one of our nation’s greatest assets. Although some people try to define culture in ethnic or racial terms, a broader definition is more accurate, â€Å"every person belongs to a variety of culture groups delineated by such features as geography, age, economics, gender, religion, interest, or educational evel. † (Diversity in the Community, 1999) Below is an outline of how Social Studies can be used to accommodate diverse students of grades Kindergarten – 12. General Classroom Tips for Meeting Diverse Learning Needs * Relate class to personal real life skills and experiences * Limit expectations to two or three concepts per unit * Evaluate projects rather than doing tradit ional testing * Concentrate on student strengths and bring those strengths into the lesson * Use concise written and oral directions (spoken, written, and oral). Use short answers rather than long essays * Create small group activities * Provide lecture outlines. Pre-teach concept vocabulary, draw pictures, use concept mapping, webbing, organizers, simplify vocabulary * Be aware of academic levels so that reading, vocabulary, and problems can be addressed * Model assignment expectations, show an example of the product * Use multiple intelligences approaches to teaching the same lessons * Use peer tutoring * Use taped materials (text or study guides) (Teaching Strategies for Students with Diverse Learning Needs, 2011) If you ignore the cultural differences among your students, you will create strife and tension. Conversely, if you choose to accept and celebrate those differences, you will find those differences to be a rich resource for your class. By incorporating strategies in the classroom to meet the needs of all the students, and having an environment showing the diverse cultures, every student will learn about each other and every studen t will receive an equal educational opportunity.

Hewlett-Packard Swot Analysis Essay

Hewlett-Packard Company or HP is an American multinational hardware and software corporation headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. (from Wikipedia) And HP product lines include personal computing devices, enterprise servers, related storage devices, printers and imaging products. At the same time, HP markets products to household, small- and medium-sized businesses and large enterprises. HP’s mission statement is that to provide product, services and solution of highest quality and deliver more value to our customers that earn their respect and loyalty. We can see that HP really concern about consumers’ satisfactions from their mission. On Fortune 500, HP ranks 10 in 2012 and ranked 11 in 2011. SWOT analysis tool provides a structure for analyzing the internal strengths and weaknesses of an organization, any external opportunities and threats it faces. Band name can be a strength for HP which will make people think good quality. Also , HP provides wide range of innovative products which attract many people to use their products. And HP don’t use other companies’ technologies, they develop their own hardware and software. It can benefit HP because HP will be not limited by other companies. At the same time, HP’s sales are very high. They use different kinds of ways to promote products, like web technology, advertisement and so on. In financial part, HP has robust financials which contains low debt. In addition, HP also has weaknesses. The first one is that no aggressive investment in research and development. No innovative technology and products will be developed. As a hardware and software corporation, HP must increase the investment in R&D to keep pace with the development of technology. No good people retention policies and weak controls are taken by HP. Only with good managers, technicists and workers can a company succeed. The external environment consists of opportunities and threats. Firstly, we discuss the opportunities. With the development of the economy, HP has expended their retailed stores for customer convenience. Customers have easier access to the HP product. Also, the software and hardware of computer and cell phone are very popular and are developed quickly. The threats are very huge because many competitors are appearing, such as Dell, Lenovo and Acer. The competitor’s technology and pricing force HP to innovate their technologies and to take many measures to low price. HP also has less coverage than competitor and low compatibility with non-HP product..

Perspective of housekeeping management

Perspective of housekeeping management With the growing competition in the sphere of cleaning business, the housekeeping companies need to pay attention to effective human resource management within the organizations for the purpose of creating the comfortable conditions for the workers and providing the customers with the high quality cleaning services.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Perspective of housekeeping management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cleaning materials and equipment Taking advantages of the advances of contemporary cleaning technologies and materials is important for creating better working conditions for the cleaning staff and increasing the customers’ satisfaction with the quality of the provided services. Buying all the necessary and modern equipment is one of the key success factors of a cleaning company. The professional housekeepers usually have the vacuum cleaners and floor polishing machines at their disposal which a llow them to economize the time required for cleaning the apartments and do it more thoroughly. As to the materials used by employees of housekeeping companies, the contemporary market of cleaning chemicals and detergents offers a wide range of materials with various types of packaging, measurement and used for various purposes during the cleaning process. All of them have their advantages and disadvantages and the choice of the type and brand of the materials as well as the control of their appropriate and effective use by the staff becomes a challenge for managers and supervisors. Jones (2008) noted that â€Å"the use of premeasured products provides a high level of cost control, better inventory procedures, and better quality in cleaning† (p. 116). Along with the cost analysis and research of the chemical market options, supervisors should generate the awareness of the staff on the appropriate safety measures for working with cleaning detergents, measurement and dilution p rocedures of the concentrates and the issues of the chemical storage for the purpose of minimizing the risks of cost losses and industrial injuries. Reeves and Reeves (2005) noted that it is important to read and understand the Safety Data Sheets information before utilizing any detergents (p. 82). It is important to control the expiration dates of the materials and meet all the requirements of their safe storage and utilization. The impact of the chosen materials on the environment is one of the important issues which should be taken into consideration by decision makers. The new approach to the housekeeping services is to clean for health rather than clean for the appearance, and this relates to the choice of the housekeeping methods, materials and the control of the storage of chemicals. Cleaning staff duties The human resources are one of the central issues of the effective management of cleaning companies. Training and motivation of the housekeeping staff is important for achie ving better results and improving the company’s chances for success.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main emphasis of orientation programs for the cleaning staff should be put on the safety measures and interpersonal communication with the customers. Andrews (2007) noted that â€Å"Housekeeping staff irrespective of their personal circumstances have to always present a cheerful exterior and emotion† (p. 18). Considering the peculiarities of the field, housekeeping employees have to work closely with clients and the level of their communicative skills has a significant impact on the effectiveness of work and the ability to come up to the customers’ expectations, to follow the instructions and to meet the requirements. Despite the widely spread misconception that cleaning is a type of physical labor and does not require special preparation a nd profound skills, the contemporary housekeeping companies pay attention to the personal traits and learning capability of their potential employees. Morrow (2008) noted that the main requirements for becoming a professional housekeeper are â€Å"to have superior organizational skills, respect for client property, the energy and ability to handle larger projects, and are comfortable working closely with clients over an extended time† (p. 57). Along with taking advantages from the innate qualities of the worker, the employers should create the comfortable working conditions and impose appropriate measures for not only ensuring the safety of the working environment and preventing the risks of their injuries and emotional discomfort, but also motivate them by developing the programs of incentives and rewards. The main issues which need to be taken into consideration for protecting the emotional security of the cleaning employees include the opportunities for self actualization and satisfaction with the working conditions. The main difficulty in developing the rewards programs for the cleaning staff is overcoming the subjectivity while assessing the results of their work. Still, the quality control is a significant component of the human resource management of the cleaning company and it is important to choose the assessment criteria for controlling the quality of the housekeeping services.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Perspective of housekeeping management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the same time, detecting the deficiencies should not become the precondition for penalties and punishment. It is important to get to the roots of the issues and regard the weak points as the opportunities for training and development. Detecting the gaps, the managers should look for the ways to fill them if it is possible. Besides the problems which can be handled through training and motivation p rograms, there are particular difficulties which are predetermined with the peculiarities of the field itself. The limited opportunities for career promotion of the cleaning employees are one of the main managerial problems. O’Fallen and Rutherford (2007) noted that â€Å"because of the large staffs involved, housekeeping operations provide junior managers outstanding opportunities to develop leadership and supervisory skills, an opportunity not always available in other departments† (p. 186). As opposed to the managers, the career options for the cleaning employees are not numerous. An employee who does his/her work well, knows all the angles of the sphere and aims at further professional growth has minimal chances for becoming a manager. In this case it is advisable to explore the opportunities of transferring to other spheres of business, retraining or receiving an academic degree. Security measures The information on security and risk control measures is one of the key components of the orientation program for the cleaning employees. A number of hazards that are characteristic for the working environment of professional housekeepers include the work with detergents, contact with bodily fluids and security issues. All cleaning workers need to have a profound knowledge of the preventative measures for controlling the risks of getting physical or psychological traumas at work. They should be aware of the risk they undergo while working with the detergents, and especially their concentrates and contacting with bodily fluids in case they work at a hospital setting. They should be informed on their responsibility and possible liability for violating the customers’ security. Campbell (2005) noted that â€Å"the most common ‘breach of security’ in homes with housecleaners is not theft – it’s breakage† (p. 287). Appropriate security measures need to be imposed for preventing the risks of occurrence of the confl ict situations.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Considering the peculiarities of the working conditions of the cleaning employees, the human resource departments should incorporate the trainings on safety and security measures into the orientation programs for their employees as well as to develop the reward programs with the aim of improving their motivation. Reference List Andrews, S. (2007) Textbook of hotel housekeeping management and operations. New DEhli, Tata McGraw-Hill. Campbell, J. (2005) Speed cleaning: Tips, tricks and strategies to get everything done in half the time. Los Angeles, Rodale Inc. Jones, T. (2008) Professional management of housekeeping operations. New Jersey, John Wiley. Morrow, B. (2008) Cleaning service. Ocala, Atlantic Publishing Group. O’Fallon, M. and Rutherford, D. (2007) Hotel management and operations. New Jersey, John Wiley. Reeves, D. and Reeves. P. (2005) Commercial cleaning: The power of clean. Morrisville, Lulu Press.

After the French and Indian War

Question: After the French and Indian War, the separation of colonies from England was inevitable. To what extent do you agree? The struggle between France and England for North American sea power and colonial rule ended by the French and Indian War. The war began in 1754 in the upper Ohio Valley. Two years later, the conflict spread to Europe where it was known as the Seven Years War. One of the greatest battles of the war that practically ended Frances power in America was the English capture of Quebec in 1759. The treaty of Paris, signed in 1763, formally ended the war in America, making Great Britain master of Canada and the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. These terms ended French power in the New World and made Great Britain supreme. Although the tensions between both England and its colonies were released, there was still no acknowledgment of any severance of the colonies from England. Proceeding the war, Britain passed new Acts, which colonists regarded as, for the most part, unbearable. These new Acts and the determination for colonial independence an! d uniformity made the separation of the colonies from England inevitable. Because colonists proved resistant to British control, British policies were forced to be relaxed. Even so, the colonial assemblies reluctantly continued to respond to British needs. The British Empire was in great need of organizing. With the territorial annexations of 1763, the British Empire nearly doubled in size, making it difficult to rule. Because of this, and other factors such as Englands war reparations, it was necessary that Britain seek greater control over its colonies. English government made efforts to find a way to deal with its war debt, and their effort to do this was made through raising the already high taxes. According to Document C, this resolution caused great uneasiness and constern

ArticleAbstract Assignments 05 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ArticleAbstract Assignments 05 - Essay Example His research question is: How does football regulation by NACC constitute a cartel and hinder intercollegiate competition? The study used both empirical and theoretical methods. The author used data collected from published articles and books. He also used raw data from NACC Football Guide and other sport regulatory bodies. The article makes reference to several books and scholarly articles containing analyzed data. Researcher also made use of raw data collected from the field; especially score sheets on football progress from colleges. Literature on Cartel Enforcement and Competitive Balance are majorly theoretical. Empirical data were obtained from interviews and observations. For example, the author acknowledges valuable comments from seminar participants and referees from CU-Denver and WEA meetings. The article concludes in favor of the research hypothesis. Indeed NACC constitutes an economic cartel that bars fair competition in football. The researcher successfully uses data collected over a period of half a century to put across this point (Woodrow, 369). By elaborately analyzing the structure and functioning of NACC, the author effectively gives a hint to where concerned authorities should streamline to reinstate fairness in college football. However, the report gives too much weight on mathematical implications of its findings without lucid explanations. This implies that the report may not be of help to many who need to refer from it. Only those with technical knowhow on its exaggerated mathematical analysis make sense of the

Integrated Policy versus Integrated Science Essay

Integrated Policy versus Integrated Science - Essay Example Integrated Policy versus Integrated Science Whether crime is defined as the breaking of a relevant law or a more generalized type of deviant behavior does not inhibit the fundamental positivist inquiry; more specifically, the positivist school of thought seeks to explain crime and deviance as phenomena that result from certain forces that are beyond an individual's control. This essay will compare and contrast two types of positivism, psychological and sociological, and argue that an attempt to create an integrated theory of criminology would do more harm than good. This may allow for the articulation of integrated social policies. Policies, however, must be kept separate from the underlying scientific theories and methods used to more clearly understand crime and deviance. This is because, in certain ways, the two strains of positivism, while concerned with similar issues in the larger picture, are not truly compatible as scientific methods of inquiry. As a preliminary matter, both psychological positivists and sociological positivists are generally concerned with the same issues in a criminological context. These scholars are interested in determining, through application of the scientific method, the causes and the consequences of crime and deviance. Significantly, both schools of thought agree that these issues are not the fault of the individual; quite the contrary, they postulate that crime and deviance are caused by factors over which the individual has little or no control. This, however, is where the two theories begin to diverge. It is this focus, outside or uncontrollable forces, that characterize the respective types of positivism. The psychological positivists, for instance, argue that there are particular kinds of human personalities that are more likely to behave in a deviant manner or to produce criminal acts. The focus is thus the mind and it is therein that the uncontrollable forces reside. The sociological positiv ists, on the other hand, argue that there are particular types of social conditions and factors that are likely or more likely to influence individuals to behave in a deviant manner or to commit criminal acts. Both schools of thought agree that they are dealing with forces beyond the individual's control; the key theoretical difference is that the psychological positivists concentrate on the mind whereas the social positivists concentrate on society. For a psychological positivist, it is the condition of the mind that is of the greatest importance. The larger social context, for purposes of scientific analysis, is temporarily ignored. The question is how different individuals, different personalities, process information in different settings. How a person behaves is dependent on personality and psychological positivists tend to treat personalities as being rather stable and predictable. The implications, in the field of criminology, are important. By understanding different types of personalities, such as variations of an anti-social personality, psychological positivists believe that that they can predict which individuals will behave in certain deviant ways or commit certain types of criminal acts. It is this mode of scientific inquiry that has given rise to certain popularly known designations as the sociopath, the psychopath, and the sexual predator. In addition to identifying and classifying these types of personalities th at are predisposed to certain types of behavior, the psychological

The origin of humans Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The origin of humans - Coursework Example Contrary to the argument, genes are not transferable to other species hence different species poses different appearance. There is a great confusion since appearance can be helpful in species identification, hence disregarding the biological definition (Lewin, 2005). The evolution of man contrasts the biological definition of species in the aspect of appearance. The successful interbreeding of Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis biologically denotes them to belong to the same species biologically (Lewin, 2005). Neanderthals are closest relatives of Homo sapiens but belong to different species. Their evolutionary trace is in Asian and Europe while Homo sapiens fossils are in Africa. They concur in appearance but form different species hence more confusion when dating the human evolution. Strict biological definition concentrates on testing and stating theories for biodiversity measurement through taxonomy family levels. It has broad scale consideration but various implications. In consideration of species definition, it becomes difficult to assign the correct taxonomic rankings for the fossil study (Sober, 1994). The challenge is that, most living species interbreeding documentation is imperative since past fossils can no longer mate although the need for dating human evolution and origin is still

God Loves Uganda Response Paper Essay Example for Free

God Loves Uganda Response Paper Essay I was aware of strong anti-homosexuality prejudice in Uganda from discussions with friends and some news coverage I saw on the internet. However, I was unaware of the influence of U. S. evangelical missionaries until I saw the documentary God Loves Uganda. The film’s director, Roger Ross Williams, illuminates how American missionaries in Uganda campaign to condemn homosexuality and ban condoms as part of their abstinence only education. Missionaries in the film hail from the International House of Prayer (IHOP) in Kansas City, Missouri. They take direction from the charismatic Lou Engle, who is a prominent leader of the evangelical Christian right. Throughout the documentary, these missionaries speak candidly about their core religious beliefs without coercion or the trickery of film editing. The American pastor behind the anti-gay vitriol spread by these â€Å"well-meaning† IHOP missionaries is Scott Lively. It is important to note that Scott Lively is quite the conspiracy theorist and anything he says should be taken with a grain of salt. He co-founded the anti-gay group Watchmen on the Walls and authored books such as The Pink Swastika: Homosexuality in the Nazi Party, 7 Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child, and The Poisoned Stream: â€Å"Gay† Influence in Human History (Scherr). Lively has forged relationships with Ugandan religious leaders, who preach his toxic message to their congregations. Two of the biggest myths that Lively and IHOP missionaries teach in Uganda are that homosexuality is a Western import trying to recruit children and that homosexuals can choose to be heterosexual. In Uganda, Same-sex relations have been deemed â€Å"unnatural† and laws against it have been in place forever. However, in 2009, anti-gay fervor reached new heights when the Ugandan Anti- Homosexuality Act was introduced to parliament. The bill criminalizes homosexual relations, which are punishable by life in prison or even death for serial offenders. Inspiration for the AntiHomosexuality Act directly stems from Scott Lively’s seminar titled, â€Å"Exposing the Truth Behind Homosexuality and the Homosexual Agenda†, which he presented before Ugandan Parliament. (Lapin) In conjunction with anti-homosexual propaganda, the missionaries preach that condoms should be banned, as abstinence is the key to lowering the HIV rate. The Ugandan government supports this flawed abstinence only policy. As a result, both hetero and homo sexual relations are stigmatized and condoms are not used. Therefore, disease continues to spread and wreak havoc on Ugandan society. Race and colonialism are not explicitly mentioned in the film but they are undeniable factors. Race has been beneficial to the missionaries. As ex-communicated, Bishop Christopher Senyonjo says of Ugandan’s relationship to the missionaries, â€Å"Because they are white, people believe them. † Colonizing of values is certainly happening. Africa has always been a place in which colonial aspirations come to fruition. Rather than exporting a way of governing to the colonies, missionaries are exporting religious governance. In addition to building orphanages and other good works, IHOP missionaries have exacerbated the anti-gay climate in Uganda. These people infiltrate Uganda in the name of God, demonize homosexuality as part of Biblical law, and then leave citizens to take the real law into their own hands. Consequently, LGBT people in Uganda fear for their lives. Now I must ask, is this what Jesus would want? Bibliography Lapin, Andrew. God Loves Uganda. The Dissolve. The Dissolve, 9 Oct. 2013. Web. 24 Oct. 2013. Scherr, Sonia. U. S. Anti-Gay Activists Under Fire for Role in Uganda. Souther Poverty Law Center. Intelligence Report, Apr. -May 2010. Web. 23 Oct. 2013.

Holocaust Denial Propaganda Essay -- Essays Papers

Holocaust Denial Propaganda The Holocaust that took place during World War II is a very important incident in history. It is used as an example to prevent this from happening again. Today there is a movement that has the main goal of denying the Holocaust and that it ever happened. This propaganda movement targets the youth by placing ads in college newspapers. The denial of the Holocaust has been publicly present since the Nuremberg trials. Today the Holocaust denial is a propaganda movement whose goal is to deny the truth behind the Nazi regime’s mass murder of 6 million Jews during World War II. The movement is active in the United States, Canada and Western Europe. The movements target youths and young adults. The simple idea of denying the Holocaust is started by Nazi policy. The Nazi policy tried to camouflage the mass murder of 6 million Jews. The Nazi party sought to deny the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question," even as the directives were being carried out. The fact that death squads were ordered and used to assassinate the Jewish race was completely denied. During the Nuremberg trials, post-War French Trotskyists and anarchists denounced evidence of the genocide as "Stalinist atrocity propaganda". The French Trotskyists were lead by the deceased Paul Rassinier and sought to advance their own political prowess by denouncing genocide as "Stalinist atrocity propaganda". The roots of Holocaust revisionism takes place in 1979. Willis Carto started the largest anti-Jewish propaganda organization, the Institute for Historical Review (IHR). The organization is staffed by unaccredited professors, writers without formal academic certification and anti-Semites. They all convened to develop new out... ...-denial is a movement that tries to camouflage many of the atrocities that occurred during World War II. The Holocaust-deniers do not receive much credit because they twist facts and myths of the Holocaust to systematically fit their view. Society needs to recognize the farce being put on so that each individual has the chance to learn the truth about the Holocaust without being swayed by lies and tall tales of Holocaust revisionism. Works Cited - Kuttner, Paul. The Holocaust: Hoax or History? Dawnwood Press: New York, 1996. - Lipstadt, Deborah. Denying the Holocaust. Plume: New York, 1994. - Dawidowicz, Lucy S. What is the Use of Jewish History? Schocken Books: New York, 1992. - Dawidowicz, Lucy S. The War Against the Jews. Schocken Books: New York, 1975. - Vidal-Nanquet, Pierre. Assassins of Memory. Columbia University Press: New York, 1992.

Common Criticisms in Psychology Paper

The artificiality of inventive conditions in experimental environments is a repeated concern. How real can laboratory-based research be? This paper will explain the criticism of artificiality in the discipline of psychology and apply this criticism to at least three sub disciplines within psychology. This paper will also compare and contrast the breakthrough model of scientific research and the principle of connectivity in explaining events and outcomes; finally ending with comparing and contrasting the concepts of the single cause explanation and the principle of multiple causation in explaining events and outcomes. Criticism of Artificiality Long gone are the days of William Wundt but what remains at the fore front is the expostulation of experimentation from critics that confining psychology to the laboratory spontaneously confines the mental phenomena it can analyze. An appropriate estimation of the artificiality criticism requires distinctively several intentions experimentalists follow. The discipline of psychology’s laboratory studies are seen by some as bizarre. Viewing psychology as an inadequate science by the public stems from belief that evidence cannot be acquired unless natural circumstances are examined (Stanovich, 2007). Social Psychology The college sophomore problem and criticisms of representativeness are most often aimed at social psychology, which makes frequent use of college subjects in laboratory paradigms in an attempt to develop theories of social interaction, group behavior, and information processing in social situations† ( as cited in Stanovich, 2007, page 114). Bio-medical research is correspondent in today’s state of social psychology, and many of times founded on problem searching and very well may be funded on the footing of the problem it intends to alleviate (Krueger, 2003). Popular and political interest plays a role in the search for a particular cure of disease. More over it is the methodical, theory based research of fundamental physiology that deciphers the operations of the human body’s functions as well as how under certain conditions it malfunctions (Fields, 1994; Skalka, 1993). In a correlating style, fundamental, â€Å"theory driven research on social psychological processes† will completely enlighten the distinctive defects and the adaptable successfulness of the social creature (Krueger, 2003). Abnormal Psychology In discussing the artificiality criticism within abnormal psychology, it has been shown that as a laboratory science, it has many times had to deal with solitary and maybe abnormal section of human behavior, more specifically college students; therefore inefficient of considering any ample warmth, richness, and inventiveness of human behavior. More concerns include the kind or representativeness of subjects participating in academic research. A quote taken from William Robinson (2007) sums up the artificiality criticism saying â€Å"If our interpretation of the human mind is based on the behavior of American college sophomores in artificially contrived situations and interpreted in terms of laws derived from domesticated rats and pigeons, then our psychology is truly culture bound† (Robinson, 2007). Organizational Psychology As the field of Organizational psychology has evolved and grown, so has the array of topics and important research questions needing answers. A common systematic approach implemented to start understanding work related psychological issues can be investigated. â€Å"Theory-driven and research-based human resource and organizational improvement efforts can be evaluated using state-of-the-art evaluation science approaches, and evaluation findings can be used to continually improve and institutionalize positive change efforts† ( Donaldson & Bligh, 2006). Connectivity and Convergence When a new theory in science touches upon previously verified empirical facts, this is definitive of the connectivity principle (Stanovich, 2007). Consideration as an advance is contingent upon explaining new facts while accounting for old ones. It makes no difference if the theory explains old facts differently from the earlier theory, just that they are explained. This necessity guarantees the accumulative development of science. Despite a new theory explaining new facts, if there is no explanation for the old ones then there are no considerations of finalized advancement and no immediate replacement of them (Stanovich, 2007). What will occur will be both the old and new theory coexisting as probable ideas until a new theory abdicates them null and void? Leading us astray is the breakthrough model of scientific research by suggesting that new findings violate the principle of connectivity (Stanovich, 2007). This suggestion deems risky because by abandoning the connectivity principle, the primary beneficiaries are purveyors of counterfeit science and incredulous theories. Notorious are headlines that lead off with â€Å"New Breakthrough. † Theories such as these acquire most of their interest and publicity by claims that they are astoundingly new. The next deception is to cast out past information by asserting them impertinent. The reason being given, that such information does not yet exist due to the newness of the theory. This breeds an environment of pseudoscience. Better explained is by the evolutionary theory the ghost of creationism, with its connectivity display of such different areas of science as morphology, biogeography, paleontology and many more. With the universe and earth estimating at around 10 thousand years in age, then many modern sciences of physics, chemistry, astronomy, cosmology, paleontology and beginning human history are entirely abolished (Unspoken Bible, n. . ). Darwin’s theory called pangenesis, abandons the principle of connectivity to illustrate the means heredity correlating with natural selection (Unspoken Bible, n. d. ). Where the problem lies is creationism proving no connectivity among any other things in science like in geology, genetics, ecology, chemistry and biology (Unspoken Bible, n. d. ). The utmost connectivity is proven with all the other sciences by evol ution (Unspoken Bible, n. d. ). Single Cause Explanation and Principle of Multiple Causation Even though a cause of behavior may be determined does not imply the only or most important cause of behavior (Stanovich, 2007). Causal analysis stems from the event explained as extreme, negative or unexpected. Preferences in single cause explanations may happen, such as when not enough time has been made looking for other possibilities, or a lack of cognitive resources. On the other hand, where constraints are lacking consideration in real effort may be given on a multitude of feasible causes for the event in question (Chu & Shaw, 2005). In providing a complete abdication of a specific behavior the weight of many different variables must be studied by the researcher as well as mixing the results of the studies in order to give a thorough snapshot of all the causal associations (Chu & Shaw, 2005). Despite an outcome having numerous different variable determinants this does not minimize the significance of a causally related outcome by one variable, this being the case for variables accounting for a mere percentage of the outcome. In considering multiple causes, explanations are often based on past experiences or intuitive theories (Chu & Shaw, 2005). This resulting in the accepted explanation that is most approachable or believable. Even though individuals understand and credit the existence of multiple causes they many times conduct themselves more along the lines of unitary beliefs (Stanovich, 2007). Complex behaviors are multiply determined. A multitude of factors perform to generate their occurrence. Mitigating a difference in the effect of acting together variables than what can be due easily studying them separately. Don’t fall prey to thinking that there is a single cause to a particular behavior. Conclusion In conclusion this paper has explained events and outcomes through compare and contrasts of both the breakthrough model of scientific research and the principle of connectivity and the concepts of single cause and the principle of multiple causation. A mutual consensus because psychology experiments are not like real life, this should be looked upon as a strength and not a weakness. No lone experiment is conclusive but instead gives leave of some alternative explanations, perpetuating the ability of zeroing in on the truth. References Chu, Y. & Shaw, J. (2005). Causal chaining: Effects of behavioral domain and Outcome valence on perceived causal structure. Retrieved August 10, 2009 from http://www. uiowa. edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp10_14. pdf Donaldson, S. I. & Bligh, M. C. (2006). Rewarding careers applying positive psychological science to improve quality of work life and organizational effectiveness. In Donaldson, S. , Berger, D. & Pezdek, K. (Eds. ) Applied sychology: New frontiers and rewarding careers. ( pp. 277 – 295). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Fields, B. N. (1994). AIDS: Time to turn to basic science. Nature 369: 95 – 96. Krueger, J. (2003). Towards a balanced social psychology: Causes, consequences and cures fro the problem-seeking approach to social behavior and cognition. Retrieved August 10, 2009 from http://www. scribd. com Robinson, W. (2007). Is 531: Psychology. Retrieved August 10, 2009 from http://www. web. utk. edu Skalka, A. M. (1993). Lobbying for research dollars: as more money goes into specific diseases available for basic research diminish. Washington Post (June 22) WH6 Stanovich, K. (2007). How to think straight about psychology. (8th ed. ). Allyn & Bacon: Pearson Education Company. The Unspoken Bible. (n. d. ). The scientific method. Retrieved August 10, 2009 from http://www. usbible. com