Law enforcement and women Essay

There has always been a stereotype separating men and women. Such as, women are not efficient enough to have a job in law enforcement and men are. Many people do not agree with this stereotype or have a different opinion towards it which can cause a disagreement between genders. The majority of people who disagree with women being in law enforcement are men. Morgan Summerfield, a yahoo contributor says, â€Å"Law enforcement has traditionally been a male dominated field and as such may have been slower than others to accept females into its ranks.† Men do not accept women in law enforcement because the believe women are the â€Å"weaker sex† (1) and belong at home with their children or attending to their family or house duties. Summerfield also says, â€Å" Male domination in law enforcement and the idea that force and strength are required, reinforces the belief that women are unable both physically and mentally to do the job.† Travis county, Texas, Sheriff Margo Fraiser disagrees. Fraiser says, â€Å"We’ve been learning our whole lives how to deal with things without having to resort to physical strength and physical violence. I think the thing we most bring in is the ability to handle situations without ever having to lay hands on.† Sure, women might be the â€Å"weaker sex† (Summerfield 1) when it comes to physical activity but that does not mean we can not be the â€Å"stronger sex† (Summerfield 1) in other aspects of law enforcement. Just as there are people who disagree with women in law Martinez 2 enforcement there are also people who believe women are capable of being good candidates for a role in law enforcement. Morgan Summerfield from yahoo contributor is one who sees both sides to this stereotype even though she disagrees in some ways she also agrees.  Summerfield says, â€Å"Women and law enforcement do mix, in fact they are a necessary, if sometimes missing, ingredient.† In support the Christopher commission agrees with Summerfield. The Christopher commission investigated the beating of Rodney G. King in 1991. In conclusion, they reported, â€Å"That women officers did not employ excessive force as often as their male counterparts. Male and Female officers interviewed for the report said they thought women were better skilled at defusing confrontations with suspects through verbal communication.† Due to the results of this investigation Mayor James K. Hahn agreed that women brought the department a good name. Hahn says, â€Å"I think for too many years we were trying to fight the battle with one arm tied behind our back. We weren’t taking advantage of the tremendo us number of qualified women who could make that contribution to the department.† There are many people who agree with women in law enforcement who are disappointed in the lack of female presence in law enforcement. They want females for a reason and that is because women do contribute something to law enforcement that men can not. That is the sense of understanding towards female victims. Atia Moazzema Shammi, from women feature scene says, â€Å"The lack of female presence in the law enforcement machinery is of significance since the police administration suggested recently that female police should investigate crimes of violence against women. In many cases, women victims are too shy to talk to the male policeman – a fact that comes in the way of fair investigation.† Even though there are people who believe women should not be allowed to have a job in law enforcement. They should mot base that on what men believe about women. If women are strong enough and meet the requirements for the job they should have the right to have a career in law enforcement. If women are just as passionate as men are in law enforcement, what makes them different? Besides, the opinions of others. As Hilda Munoz, from the Los Angeles Times says, â€Å"We want to have a few scarred knees; we’re going to fall down few times. We have a right to fail like males fail.† If males can fail at something they are good at or enjoy doing women should also be able to have the chance to fail. Women in law enforcement is always going to be a stereotype that might not be able to change. Men are always going to believe women are too weak or are not physically or mentally prepared for a job in law enforcement. There is also going to be those who see the qualities that women have and only women can bring to a job in law enforcement. There is always going to be many different views, thoughts, and opinions on women in law enforcement. Works Cited 1. Munoz, Hilda â€Å"ON THE LAW; Working to Get More Police Officers; Women have made significant progress in several levels, but their numbers in law enforcement remain disproportionally low: [Home Edition].† Los Angeles Times 30 May 2003: B2 . Print . 2. Shammi, Atia Moazzema â€Å"Feminising Law Enforcement.† Womens Feature Service 14 Jan 2002: (NP) . Print.

Last Sacrifice Chapter Seventeen

THE INTERROGATION DIDN'T go so well. Oh, sure, we made plenty of threats and used the stakes as torture devices, but not much came of it. Dimitri was still scary when dealing with Sonya, but after his breakdown with Donovan, he was careful not to fall into that berserk rage again. This was healthier for him in the long run but not so good for scaring up answers out of Sonya. It didn't help matters that we didn't exactly have a concrete question to ask her. We mostly had a series to throw at her. Did she know about another Dragomir? Was she related to the mother? Where were the mother and child? Things also went bad when Sonya realized we needed her too much to kill her, no matter how much silver stake torture we did. We'd been at it for over an hour and were getting exhausted. At least, I was. I leaned against a wall near Sonya, and though I had my stake out and ready, I was relying on the wall a bit more than I liked to admit to keep me upright. None of us had spoken in a while. Even Sonya had given up on her snarling threats. She simply waited and stayed watchful, undoubtedly planning for escape, probably figuring we'd tire before she did. That silence was scarier than all the threats in the world. I was used to Strigoi using words to intimidate me. I'd never expected the power simply being quiet and staring menacingly could have. â€Å"What happened to your head, Rose?' asked Dimitri, suddenly catching a glimpse of it. I'd been tuning out a little and realized he was talking to me. â€Å"Huh?' I brushed aside hair that had been obscuring part of my forehead. My fingers came away sticky with blood, triggering vague memories of crashing into the table. I shrugged, ignoring the dizziness I'd been feeling. â€Å"I'm fine.' Dimitri gave Sydney the quickest of glances. â€Å"Go lay her down and clean it up. Don't let her sleep until we can figure out if it's a concussion.' â€Å"No, I can't,' I argued. â€Å"I can't leave you alone with her †¦' â€Å"I'm fine,' he said. â€Å"Rest up so that you can help me later. You're no good to me if you're just going to fall over.' I still protested, but when Sydney gently took my arm, my stumbling gave me away. She led me to the house's one bedroom, much to my dismay. There was something creepy about knowing I was in a Strigoi's bed–even if it was covered with a blue-and- white floral quilt. â€Å"Man,' I said, lying back against the pillow once Sydney had cleaned my forehead. Despite my earlier denial, it felt great to rest. â€Å"I can't get used to the weirdness of a Strigoi living in a place so †¦ normal. How are you holding up?' â€Å"Better than you guys,' said Sydney. She wrapped her arms around herself and eyed the room uncomfortably. â€Å"Being around Strigoi is starting to make you guys seem not so bad.' â€Å"Well, at least some good's come out of this,' I remarked. Despite her joke, I knew she had to be terrified. I started to close my eyes and was jolted awake when Sydney poked my arm. â€Å"No sleep,' she chastised. â€Å"Stay up and talk to me.' â€Å"It's not a concussion,' I muttered. â€Å"But I suppose we can go over plans to get Sonya to talk.' Sydney sat at the foot of the bed and grimaced. â€Å"No offense? But I don't think she's going to crack.' â€Å"She will once she's gone a few days without blood.' Sydney blanched. â€Å"A few days?' â€Å"Well, whatever it takes to–‘ A spike of emotion flitted through the bond, and I froze. Sydney jumped up, her eyes darting around as though a group of Strigoi might have burst into the room. â€Å"What's wrong?' she exclaimed. â€Å"I have to go to Lissa.' â€Å"You're not supposed to sleep–‘ â€Å"It's not sleeping,' I said bluntly. And with that, I jumped away from Sonya's bedroom and into Lissa's perspective. She was riding in a van with five other people whom I immediately recognized as other royal nominees. It was an eight-person van and also included a guardian driver with another in the passenger seat who was looking back at Lissa and her companions. â€Å"Each of you will be dropped off in a separate location on the outskirts of a forest and given a map and compass. The ultimate goal is for you to reach the destination on the map and wait out the daylight until we come for you.' Lissa and the other nominees exchanged glances and then, almost as one, peered out the van's windows. It was almost noon, and the sunlight was pouring down. â€Å"Waiting out the daylight' was not going to be pleasant but didn't sound impossible. Idly, she scratched at a small bandage on her arm and quickly stopped herself. I read from her thoughts what it was: a tiny, barely noticeable dot tattooed into her skin. It was actually similar to Sydney's: blood and earth, mixed with compulsion. Compulsion might be taboo among Moroi, but this was a special situation. The spell in the tattoo prevented the candidates from revealing the monarch tests to others not involved with the process. This was the first test. â€Å"What kind of terrain are you sending us to?' demanded Marcus Lazar. â€Å"We're not all in the same physical shape. It's not fair when some of us have an advantage.' His eyes were on Lissa as he spoke. â€Å"There is a lot of walking,' said the guardian, face serious. â€Å"But it's nothing that any candidate–of any age–shouldn't be able to handle. And, to be honest, part of the requirements for a king or queen is a certain amount of stamina. Age brings wisdom, but a monarch needs to be healthy. Not an athlete by any means,' added the guardian quickly, seeing Marcus start to open his mouth. â€Å"But it's no good for the Moroi to have a sickly monarch elected who dies within a year. Harsh, but true. And you also need to be able to endure uncomfortable situations. If you can't handle a day in the sun, you can't handle a Council meeting.' I think he intended that as a joke, but it was hard to tell since he didn't smile. â€Å"It's not a race, though. Take your time getting to the end if you need it. Marked along the map are spots where certain items are hidden–items that'll make this more bearable, if you can decipher the clues.' â€Å"Can we use our magic?' asked Ariana Szelsky. She wasn't young either, but she looked tough and ready to accept a challenge of endurance. â€Å"Yes, you can,' said the guardian solemnly. â€Å"Are we in danger out there?' asked another candidate, Ronald Ozera. â€Å"Aside from the sun?' â€Å"That,' said the guardian mysteriously, â€Å"is something you'll need to learn for yourselves. But, if at any time you want out †¦' He produced a bag of cell phones and distributed them. Maps and compasses followed. â€Å"Call the programmed number, and we'll come for you.' Nobody had to ask about the hidden message behind that. Calling the number would get you out of the long day of endurance. It would also mean you'd failed the test and were out of the running for the throne. Lissa glanced at her phone, half-surprised there was even a signal. They'd left Court about an hour ago and were well into the countryside. A line of trees made Lissa think they were nearing their destination. So. A test of physical endurance. It wasn't quite what she'd expected. The trials a monarch went through had long been shrouded in mystery, gaining an almost mystical reputation. This one was pretty practical, and Lissa could understand the reasoning, even if Marcus didn't. It truly wasn't an athletic competition, and the guardian had a point in saying that the future monarch should possess a certain level of fitness. Glancing at the back of her map, which listed the clues, Lissa realized this would also test their reasoning skills. All very basic stuff–but essential to ruling a nation. The van dropped them off one by one at different starting points. With each departing candidate, Lissa's anxiety grew. There's nothing to worry about, she thought. I've just got to sit through a sunny day. She was the next to last person dropped off, with only Ariana remaining behind. Ariana patted Lissa's arm as the van door opened. â€Å"Good luck, dear.' Lissa gave her a quick smile. These tests might all be a ruse on Lissa's part, but Ariana was the real deal, and Lissa prayed the older woman could get through this successfully. Left alone as the van drove away, unease spread through Lissa. The simple endurance test suddenly seemed much more daunting and difficult. She was on her own, something that didn't happen very often. I'd been there for most of her life, and even when I'd left, she'd had friends around her. But now? It was just her, the map, and the cell phone. And the cell phone was her enemy. She walked to the edge of the forest and studied her map. A drawing of a large oak tree marked the beginning, with directions to go northwest. Scanning the trees, Lissa saw three maples, a fir, and–an oak. Heading toward it, she couldn't help a smile. If anyone else had botanical landmarks and didn't know their plants and trees, they could lose candidacy right there. The compass was a classic one. No digital GPS convenience here. Lissa had never used a compass like this, and the protective part of me wished I could jump in and help. I should have known better, though. Lissa was smart and easily figured it out. Heading northwest, she stepped into the woods. While there was no clear path, the forest's floor wasn't too covered with overgrowth or obstacles. The nice part about being in the forest was that the trees blocked out some of the sun. It still wasn't an ideal Moroi condition, but it beat being dropped in a desert. Birds sang, and the scenery was lush and green. Keeping an eye out for the next landmark, Lissa tried to relax and pretend she was simply on a pleasant hike. Yet †¦ it was difficult to do that with so much on her mind. Abe and our other friends were now in charge of working and asking questions about the murder. All of them were asleep right now–it was the middle of the Moroi night–but Lissa didn't know when she'd return and couldn't help resenting this test for taking up her time. No, wasting her time. She'd finally accepted the logic behind her friends' nomination–but she still didn't like it. She wanted to actively help them. Her churning thoughts almost led her right past her next landmark: a tree that had fallen ages ago. Moss covered it, and much of the wood was rotten. A star on the map marked it as a place with a clue. She flipped over the map and read: I grow and I shrink. I run and I crawl. Follow my voice, though I have none at all. I never do leave here, but I travel around– I float through the sky and I creep through the ground. I keep my cache in a vault although I have no wealth, Seek out my decay to safeguard your health. Um. My mind went blank right about then, but Lissa's spun. She read it over and over again, examining the individual words and how each line played off the other. I never do leave here. That was the starting point, she decided. Something permanent. She looked around, considered the trees, then dismissed them. They could always be cut and removed. Careful not to stray too far from the fallen tree, she circled the area searching for more. Everything was theoretically transient. What stayed? Follow my voice. She came to a halt and closed her eyes, absorbing the sounds around her. Mostly birds. The occasional rustle of leaves. And– She opened her eyes and walked briskly to her right. The sound she'd heard grew louder, bubbling and trickling. There. A small creek ran through the woods, hardly noticeable. Indeed, it seemed too tiny for the streambed carved out around it. â€Å"But I bet you grow when it rains,' she murmured, uncaring that she was speaking to a stream. She looked back down at the clue, and I felt her clever mind rapidly piece it all together. The stream was permanent–but traveled. It changed size. It had a voice. It ran in deep parts, crawled when there were obstacles. And when it evaporated, it floated in the air. She frowned, still puzzling the riddle aloud. â€Å"But you don't decay.' Lissa studied the area once more, uneasily thinking decay could apply to any plant life. Her gaze moved past a large maple tree and then jerked back. At its base grew a clump of brown and white mushrooms, several wilting and turning black. She hurried over and knelt down, and that was when she saw it: a small hole dug into the earth nearby. Leaning closer, she saw a flash of color: a purple drawstring bag. Triumphantly, Lissa pulled it out and stood up. The bag was made of canvas and had long strings that would allow it to hang over her shoulder as she walked. She opened the bag and peered inside. There, tucked inside the fluffy and fuzzy lining, was the best thing of all: a bottle of water. Until now, Lissa hadn't realized how hot and dehydrated she'd grown–or how wearying the sun was. The candidates had been told to wear sturdy shoes and practical clothing but hadn't been allowed any other supplies. Finding this bottle was priceless. Sitting on the log, she took a break, careful to conserve her water. While the map indicated a few more clues and â€Å"rewards,' she knew she couldn't necessarily count on any more helpful bags. So, after several minutes' rest, she put away the water and slung the little tote over her shoulder. The map directed her due west, so that was the way she went. The heat beat on her as she continued her walk, forcing her to take a few more (conservative) water breaks. She kept reminding herself it wasn't a race and that she should take it easy. After a few more clues, she discovered the map wasn't quite to scale, so it wasn't always obvious how long each leg of the hike was. Nonetheless, she was delighted to successfully solve each clue, though the rewards became more and more baffling. One of them was a bunch of sticks sitting on a rock, something she would have sworn was a mistake, but someone civilized had clearly tied the bundle together. She added that into her bag, along with a neatly folded green plastic tarp. By now, sweat was pouring off her, and rolling up the sleeves of her button-down cotton shirt did little to help. She took more frequent breaks. Sunburn became a serious concern, so it was a huge relief when her next clue led to a bottle of sunscreen. After a couple hours of battling the intense summer heat, Lissa became so hot and tired that she no longer had the mental energy to be annoyed about missing out on whatever was happening at Court. All that mattered was getting to the end of this test. The map showed two more clues, which she took as a promising sign. She would reach the end soon and then could simply wait for someone to get her. A flash of realization hit her. The tarp. The tarp was a sun block, she decided. She could use it at the end. This cheered her up, as did the next prize: more water and a floppy, wide-brimmed hat that helped keep the sunlight from her face. Unfortunately, after that, what appeared to be a short leg of the trip turned out to be twice as long as she expected. By the time she finally reached the next clue, she was more interested in taking a water break than digging out whatever else the guardians had left her. My heart went out to her. I wished so, so badly that I could help. That was my job, to protect her. She shouldn't be alone. Or should she? Was that also part of the test? In a world where royals were almost always surrounded by guardians, this solitude had to be a total shock. Moroi were hardy and had excellent senses, but they weren't built for extreme heat and challenging terrain. I could have probably jogged the course easily. Admittedly, I wasn't sure I would have had Lissa's deductive skills in figuring out the clues. Lissa's last reward was flint and steel, not that she had any idea what they were. I recognized them instantly as the tools of a fire-making kit but couldn't for the world figure out why she'd need to build a fire on a day like this. With a shrug, she added the items to her bag and kept going. And that's when things started to get cold. Really cold. She didn't entirely process it at first, mainly because the sun was still shining so brilliantly. Her brain said what she felt was impossible, but her goose bumps and chattering teeth said otherwise. She rolled her sleeves back down and quickened her pace, wishing that the sudden cold had at least come with cloud cover. Walking faster and exerting herself more helped heat her body. Until it began to rain. It started off as a mist, then changed to drizzle, and finally turned into a steady curtain of water. Her hair and clothing became soaked, making the cold temperature that much worse. Yet †¦ the sun still shone, its light an annoyance to her sensitive skin but offering no warmth in compensation. Magic, she realized. This weather is magical. It was part of the test. Somehow, Moroi air and water magic users had united to defy the hot, sunny weather. That was why she had a tarp–to block the sun and the rain. She considered getting it out now and wearing it like a cloak but quickly decided to wait until she reached the endpoint. She had no idea how far away that really was, though. Twenty feet? Twenty miles? The chill of the rain crept over her, seeping under her skin. It was miserable. The cell phone in the bag was her ticket out. It was barely late afternoon. She had a long time to wait before this test ended. All she had to do was make one call †¦ one call, and she'd be out of this mess and back to working on what she should be at Court. No. A kernel of determination flared up within her. This challenge was no longer about the Moroi throne or Tatiana's murder. It was a test she would take on for herself. She'd led a soft and sheltered life, letting others protect her. She would endure this on her own–and she would pass. This determination took her to the map's end, a clearing ringed in trees. Two of the trees were small and close enough together that Lissa thought she might be able to drape the tarp into some sort of reasonable shelter. With cold, fumbling fingers, she managed to get it out of the bag and unfold it to its full size–which was fortunately much larger than she'd suspected. Her mood began to lift as she worked with the tarp and figured out how to create a small canopy. She crawled inside once it was complete, glad to be out of the falling rain. But that didn't change the fact that she was wet. Or that the ground was also wet– and muddy. The tarp also didn't protect her against the cold. She felt a flash of bitterness, recalling the guardians saying magic was allowed in this test. She hadn't thought magic would be useful at the time, but now, she could certainly see the perks of being a water user to control the rain and keep it off her. Or, better yet: being a fire user. She wished Christian was with her. She would have welcomed the warmth of both his magic and his embrace. For this kind of situation, spirit seriously sucked–unless, perhaps, she got hypothermia and needed to try to heal herself (which never worked as well as it did on other people). No, she decided. There could be no question: water and fire users had the advantage in this test. That's when it hit her. Fire! Lissa straightened up from where she'd been huddled. She hadn't recognized the iron and flint for what they were, but now, vague recollections of fire-making were coming back to her. She'd never been taught those skills directly but was pretty sure striking the stones together would make a spark–if she only had dry wood. Everything out there was soaked†¦ . Except for the bundle of sticks in her bag. Laughing out loud, she untied the sticks and set them in a place shielded from the rain. After arranging them in what seemed like a campfire-friendly pattern, she tried to figure out what to do with the steel and flint. In movies, she thought she'd seen people just hit them to make sparks fly. So, that's what she did. Nothing happened. She tried three more times, and her earlier excitement gave way to spirit-darkened frustration. I pulled some of that from her, needing her to stay focused. On the fourth try, a spark flew off and faded away–but it was what she needed to understand the principle. Before long she could easily make sparks, but they did nothing when they landed on the wood. Up and down: her mood was a rollercoaster of hope and disappointment. Don't give up, I wanted to say as I drew off more negativity. Don't give up. I also wanted to give her a lesson on kindling, but that was pushing my limits. Watching her, I was beginning to realize how much I underestimated Lissa's intelligence. I knew she was brilliant, but I always imagined her being helpless in these situations. She wasn't. She could reason things out. That tiny spark couldn't penetrate the wood of the sticks. She needed a bigger flame. She needed something the sparks could ignite. But what? Surely nothing in this waterlogged forest. Her eyes fell on the map poking out of her bag. She hesitated only a moment before ripping and shredding the paper into a pile on top of the twigs. Supposedly, she'd reached the end of the hike and didn't need the map. Supposedly. But it was too late now, and Lissa pushed forward with her plan. First, she pulled out some of the bag's fluffy lining, adding the bits of fuzz to the paper. Then she took up the flint and steel again. A spark jumped out and immediately caught a piece of the paper. It flared orange before fading out, leaving a wisp of smoke. She tried again, leaning forward to gently blow on the paper when the spark landed. A tiny flame appeared, caught a neighboring shred, and then faded. Steeling herself up, Lissa tried a final time. â€Å"Come on, come on,' she muttered, as though she might compel a fire into existence. This time, the spark caught and held, turning into a small flame, then a larger flame that soon consumed her kindling. I prayed it would take to the wood, or else she was out of luck. Brighter and larger the flame grew, eating the last of the paper and fuzz †¦ and then spreading along the sticks. Lissa blew softly to keep it going, and before long, the campfire was in full blaze. The fire couldn't change the piercing cold, but as far as she was concerned, she had the warmth of the entire sun in her hands. She smiled, and a sense of pride that she hadn't felt in a while spread within her. Finally able to relax, she glanced out at the rainy forest and caught the faintest flashes of color in the distance. Channeling spirit, she used her magic to intensify her ability to see auras. Sure enough–hidden far, far out among the trees, she could see two auras filled with strong, steady colors. Their owners stood still, staying quiet and covered. Lissa's smile grew. Guardians. Or maybe the air and water users controlling the weather. None of the candidates were alone out here. Ronald Ozera had had no need to worry–but then, he wouldn't know that. Only she did. Maybe spirit wasn't so useless out here after all. The rain began to lighten, and the fire's warmth continued to soothe her. She couldn't read the time from the sky, but somehow, she knew she would have no problem waiting out the day and– â€Å"Rose?' A voice summoned me out of Lissa's wilderness survival. â€Å"Rose, wake up or †¦ whatever.' I blinked, focusing on Sydney's face, which was a few inches from mine. â€Å"What?' I demanded. â€Å"Why are you bothering me?' She flinched and jerked away, momentarily speechless. Pulling away Lissa's darkness while joined with her hadn't affected me at the time, but now, conscious in my own body, I felt anger and irritation flood me. It's not you, it's not Sydney, I told myself. It's spirit. Calm down. I took a deep breath, refusing to let spirit master me. I was stronger than it was. I hoped. As I fought to push those feelings down, I looked around and remembered I was in Sonya Karp's bedroom. All my problems came rushing back. There was a bound Strigoi in the other room, one we were barely keeping constrained and who didn't seem like she would give us answers anytime soon. I looked back at Sydney, who still seemed afraid of me. â€Å"I'm sorry †¦ I didn't mean to snap at you. I was just startled.' She hesitated a few moments and then nodded, accepting my apology. As the fear faded from her face, I could see that something else was bothering her. â€Å"What's wrong?' I asked. As long as we were alive and Sonya was still trapped, things couldn't be that bad, right? Sydney stepped back and crossed her arms. â€Å"Victor Dashkov and his brother are here.'

“Not My Best Side” U A Fanthorpe Essay

In â€Å"Not My Best Side† U A Fanthorpe challenges the traditional, stereotypical characters in the legend Of St George and the dragon only to replace them with another equally stereotypical set In the poem â€Å"Not my best side† U A Fanthorpe has challenged the orthodox images of the characters in Uccello’s painting of St George and the Dragon. She has successfully manipulated them into modern day caricatures. Through traditional stereotypical views and legends, Uccello has portrayed the fire-breathing dragon as grotesque and beastly. Yet this is the dragon whom a boy no older than a teenager, can tame. The poem contrasts any stereotypical view the reader may have taken and reveals that the dragon is no more innocent than the other characters. In the first sentence of the first stanza, the reader is confronted by a dress conscientious victim of fashion; this is hardly a fire-breathing monster. The dragon criticises all but himself, from the painter Uccello who, â€Å"didn’t give me a chance to pose properly† to the, â€Å"horse with a deformed neck†. Fanthorpe has given such a beast a pitiful personality the painter is described as a, â€Å"poor chap† however this is not an obvious reaction expected from such a beast. The phrases used by the dragon portray how the poem is the inverse of the painting itself. The fact that the angle of the picture was not in his favour has proven to disappoint the dragon deeply but he forgets the fact that he is about to be defeated and overcomes this with an answer; â€Å"I always rise again†. The character is quick to point out such supposed absurdities as, â€Å"what, after all are two feet to a monster?† and how his conqueror travels on a horse, â€Å"with a deformed neck†. His questions convey his unhappiness of being mocked, from his point of view his killers and victims appear to be blind, juvenile or ugly. Not taking things, as seriously as he should, the dragon tends to ask rhetorical questions: â€Å"should my conqueror be so ostentatiously beardless?† and, â€Å"Why should my victim be so unattractive as to be inedible?† The character does not think why they should take him anymore seriously than he is prepared to take them. Two diametrically opposed personalities, one from Uccello’s painting of St George and the Dragon, the other from U A Fanthorpe’s poem of â€Å"Not My Best Side† are never the less the same person. Painted unnaturally white and almost glowing, the young woman in the painting could be described as a symbol of virginity. She would be insulted to be given such a personality to the one in the poem where her casual sexual attitude is most noticeable in the double entendres: â€Å"wearing machinery† and, â€Å"see all his equipment† throughout the stanza. How these phrases are interpreted, is up to the reader. Half way through the second stanza the reader infers that she would have focused her attention on another issue but instead she is now talking of how she would â€Å"enjoy† being eaten by the dragon and assumes that all girls would like the same. Fanthorpe has prescribed to the girl a rather a modern woman’s personality rather than the image of a more biblical girl. Her language and her sentences are modern and appear slightly immature. One would usually associate phrases like, â€Å"And the way he looked at me† with a teenager. One would not assume a religious orthodox figure to be using phrases such as, â€Å"he might have acne, blackheads or even bad breath†. As well as being critical she also insults her hero’s manhood, â€Å"when this boy turns up†. Indeed her declaration† I didn’t much fancy him† shows her first thought that apparently ran through her mind when she was about to be rescued from death by the very same boy. Fanthorpe has created a similarity between the two characters of the dragon and the young woman. Both are far more concerned with their image and what others think of them than the reality of the situation. It could be said that her second stanza creates a less than glamorous image of today’s new woman. St George. The legendary character who is said to be the fearless slayer of the almighty dragon. However in this stanza, St George shatters our illusions as Fanthorpe allows St George to speak for himself. He is boastful about his, â€Å"machinery† and brags how he is educated to a degree in â€Å"Dragon management† and so-called â€Å"Virgin Reclamation†. Even his horse now sounds more like a car as he mentions it has, â€Å"Automatic transmission†. The first five lines of the stanza show how the traditional story has been put into a modern context. They also show how his own stupidity can make a mockery of him. His words, â€Å"Virgin Reclamation† are an example of his arrogance because he hopes to impress by using words longer than two syllables. Also he thinks that killing is a form of â€Å"management.† Such euphemisms and vocabulary choices not only make him look ignorant and boastful but also are not the words that should be coming out of the mouth of a true hero. His, â€Å"custom built spear† makes him sound like a modern day hero, a James Bond, type but as he is only a boy he has a good few years remaining before he takes on the role. By giving St George elaborate twentieth Century technical vocabulary Fanthorpe has escaped from the biblical sense of the picture to a stereotypical and has equalled him to a modern day Essex man. He attention seeking makes him appear snobbish, â€Å"You can’t do better than me†¦I’m qualified and equipped†. The reader would expect that it would be highly discomforting to be rescued by a hero with this bragging persona. Fanthorpe has created a complete inverse of the legendary character. St George’s more chauvinist qualities leak through when he intimidates the woman by asking her how or if she would like to be rescued. He is expecting her to take on the role of Sleeping Beauty waiting for the strong and handsome prince. St George’s expectations are worked when he tells her that she could be, â€Å"endangering job prospects† if she does not wish to cooperate. Here, he has taken on a very sexist attitude, and although it seems as if he would like to save the lives of others, once again he shows his ignorance by telling her, â€Å"What†¦does it matter what You want? You’re in my way†. He is only thinking of himself. Here in the third stanza is the third vision of a selfish personality. Fanthorpe’s modern day caricatures are not complementary! The three characters in this poem hold quite different opinions yet are extremely similar in the way that each character is as different as the other. They do not like being criticised but do not think how their insults to others are even more critical, â€Å"Unattractive as to be inedible.† In each of the stanzas the characters start off with good-natured comments but as they progress to the end of the stanza the points they have made appear ruder and their egotism reveals itself. The last lines all end with a sarcastic comment. All the characters are not too worried about anyone but them self. Over all they are looking after the image of number one, which seems to be the only thing that matters. Fanthorpe’s images of three types have little of the spiritual among them. As I read about thoughts, which are materialistic, vain or lustful, I learn that Fanthorpe seems concerned with showing us not our best sides.

The Relevance and Importance of the Concept of Global Business Fitness Assignment

The Relevance and Importance of the Concept of Global Business Fitness - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that Globally Responsible Leadership Initiative (GRLI) had rightly marked the need of responsible leadership for sustainable growth that has been reduced due to the financial crisis. Leaders face many challenges while taking the company ahead. Leadership is focused on the team, career, company, and shareholders. Career success leadership involves leading one’s own path or the direction to proceed. It also concerns developing flexibility, evaluating work-life, physical and emotional strength, solving problem and time management skills. Leading a team comprises of selecting the right practices, human resource management, developing the team, conflict management, effective technology consumption and helping the team members to develop simultaneously. Leadership in company focuses on the possible outcomes to attain sustainable strategic mission success through entrepreneurship, strategic thinking, organization control, external consciousness. Strategic advan tage leadership deals with increasing the shareholder's value to gain high return on investment through global-scenario planning. Spiritual leadership is a mixed concept of positive leadership that engage motivating and inspiring workers through an inspirational  idea and a customs based on philanthropic values to produce a better dynamic  workforce. This leadership also includes ethics, attitude, and behavior required to motivate one and others to build a sense of spiritual survival. This theory also entails the concept of positive human fitness and emotional well-being through advancement in workplace spirituality, optimistic psychology, character ethics and faith. Besides increasing the employee empowerment, dedication and knowledge, it also focused on the human health enriching approaches that benefit both the employees and the business.

St George Cabinet by Philip Webb Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

St George Cabinet by Philip Webb - Essay Example Background of Webb and Morris The St George Cabinet was made with two individuals who worked together, one which focused on the architecture of the cabinet, named Philip Webb, and the other which included the paintings, known as William Morris. The scenes that are incorporated are from the life of the saint and are taken directly from Medieval style architecture and art. The concept which is associated in this piece is one which consists of the Victorian values of the time, specifically which both the artists had1. The idea of the values was based on the sense of morality toward Christianity and reverence toward the older styles of art work. Morris directly influenced this because of his strong association with the Church and the restoration of older Churches that he was continuously involved in. Webb followed this particular concept with the commercial architecture that he believed was taking away from the reverence of religion and morality of the time2. The concept of religion and morality which both represented not only was based on the restoration of religion in which both believed in. ... This was based on the pagan style initiatives which were initially a part of the Church and which were approached by bringing back the original expressions of religion. The approach to several of the works, specifically by Morris, was descriptive of these scenes, the actions of the saints, and the original stories which could be exhibited in terms of religion and ritual3. Techniques and Materials of St George Cabinet The materials that are used for the Saint George Cabinet consist of painted and gilded mahagony, pine and oak and copper mounts. The overview of this can be seen in figure 1. Fig 1: Saint George Cabinet The main concept with the materials was to use the natural elements that would best represent the cabinet, combined with using durable woods to the completion of the cabinet4. The materials which were used were specifically based on finding the natural woods that would hold in durability and strength, combined with finding the materials from easy to locate resources for t he finished product. This combined approach then allowed for the cabinet materials to work in the finished handicraft material5. The techniques that were used in the making of the cabinet and the design are also defined as rare for the time because of the approach which was taken with the shape and building of the cabinet. The architecture of the cabinet, while having a box like structure, also has the Medieval elements from the sides, specifically with the pointed sides to the cabinet. The horizontal look that is held on the stand is also different to the architecture and creates an appearance that was not as popular for the time. Instead, most were interested in the length – wise

Apple Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Apple Corporation - Case Study Example This company analysis is carried out through two different perspectives: business and financial perspectives correspondingly. Business perspective is evaluated through SWOT analysis and for financial perspective; the past five years’ stock trend of the company is carried out. The success of the company is evaluated in this case solution. According to the key findings, the recommendation is developed for future strategic planning of the company for the next five years. Company background Apple Inc. was formerly named Apple Computer Inc. It is an American multinational corporation, which designs and sells high technology electronic goods, personal computers and computer software. The company became popular worldwide because of its innovative products. The company’s best-known products are the Macintosh line of computers, iPod, iPhone and lastly, the current iPad. The company was established on 1 April 1976 in California and incorporated on 3 January 1977. It removed the w ord ‘computer’ from its name in January 2007 and expanded towards producing consumer electronics apart from its then existing computer business. By market capitalization, Apple Inc. became the largest public limited company in the world beating ExxonMobil, Google and Microsoft in revenue and profit. Organization structure The success of Apple is the contribution of the collaborative work of the employees in the organization. The organization follows a collaborative organizational structure and work culture. There are no committees in the organization and everything is organized like the biggest start up in the world. In each department, all the team members meet every day to discuss the current scenario of their business and the company values, the employees participate in the decision making process. Apple has a reputation of influencing individuality and excellence that helps the company in its decision-making (Apple Inc, 2012). Innovation Apple was formed with the id ea of innovation and the company has been following this motive to get a better competitive advantage. The brand has become famous in the world and it has better brand recognition and brand value than other electronic goods companies because each product its own unique innovation, generated exclusively by the Apple only, and not copied from others. Effective use of technology by the company resulted in innovations like Macintosh, iPod, iPhone, and the latest gadget – iPad (SRM University, 2008, p.13). Competitors Apple Inc operates its businesses in multiple industries. The main industry is personal computers. Apart from this, the company is involved in the software industry and consumer electronics. In the personal computer industry, the main competitors of Apple are IBM, Hewlett Packard, Dell Inc., etc. In consumer electronics industry, the main market competitor is Samsung, which has similar products in the market, and Apple has been facing competition from the same in the markets of the developing countries. The direct competitors of Apple are Google, Microsoft and RIMM (Research in Motion Limited). In all these industries Apple holds the leading position and no one can surpass this company in terms of revenue, profit, innovation and brand recognition. SWOT analysis Strength Brand position: Apple Inc. is one of the most desired and prestigious brands among its potential and non-potential customers in the world. The company successfully managed to create a positioning of strong brand value among its customers. The customers associate this brand with the concept of

Women in UK Labour Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women in UK Labour Market - Essay Example This led to the idea of a cornflake packet family where the male was the breadwinner, the wife was the housewife, and the family consisted of two children - a boy and a girl. The mother had an expressive role, while the father had an instrumental role of going out to work. The inequality, and the extent to which the different aspects of this are interconnected, mean that is some use the concept of patriarchy to describe this set of social relations. Patriarchy is a social system through which men dominate, exploit and oppress women. However, in recent decades, changes in the economy and society have altered the situation - several of these changes will be outlined below. One of the most important areas to look at for the changes in women's lives is in terms of pay and employment relative to men. Women are less likely than men to be in paid employment, but the gap has closed steadily over recent decades. The proportion of those in employment who are women rose from 38.1% in 1971 to 49.6% in 1995. However, most of the increase in women's employment has been in part time work. The proportion of women working part time has increased steadily, from 34% in 1971 to 47% in 1995. Women workers are concentrated within a very narrow range of occupational groups, although there have been some significant changes in this recently. Over 40% of full time women workers are to be found in clerical employment. In contrast, men are spread through a much wider range of occupations. Women are confined both to lower grade jobs (vertical segregations) and to different jobs (horizontal segregation). The pattern of segregation however has changed significantly over recent years. At the top end of the hierarchy the number and proportion of women in the managerial and professional grades have substantially increased. However, in the most powerful positions in public life, women continue to be seriously under-represented. Discussion and Analysis In the contemporary society, there occurred many changes in the labour market. Businesses have moved away from mass production towards the flexible production of small batches of specialized products. In doing so, they employ a core of highly skilled workers who are capable of using their skills to produce a wide variety of products. Other work is carried out by part-time workers, or workers on short-term contracts, or is contracted out to other firms. These changes are reflected in the increased use of part-time female labour and the reduction in the employment of males in full-time permanent jobs. But while it is clearly important to take account of changes in the labour market and the economy as a whole in order to understand the changing patterns of gender inequality, it is necessary to be cautious about basing an analysis. Rosemary observes in her book "Women and Work in Modern Britain" that "Clearly, there has been a substantial restructuring of the gender division of labour over the last forty years. Its broad outlines may be

Anxiety disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Anxiety disorders - Essay Example Unlike the relatively mild, brief anxiety caused by a stressful event such as a business presentation or a first date, anxiety disorders are chronic, relentless and can grow progressively worse if not treated." (Anxiety Disorders section, para.1) One should immediately see a doctor if he or she is suffering acutely from any of the following symptoms. Panic disorder: According NIMH's website, " people with panic disorder have feelings of terror that strike suddenly and repeatedly with no warning. They can't predict when an attack will occur, and many develop intense anxiety between episodes, worrying when and where the next one will strike." (Anxiety Disorders section, para. 10) One can experience panic attack any time, sometimes even during sleep. There is no specific duration of the attack. Sometimes it may last for more than half an hour, sometimes it may be of 10 minutes and sometimes even lesser. It may happen that a person experiences a panic attack only once in his lifetime. But if panic attacks are frequent then it is advisable to see a mental health care practitioner. As stated in the website of NIMH, "panic disorder is one of the most treatable of the anxiety disorders, responding in most cases to medications or carefully targeted psychotherapy."(Anxiety Disorders section, para. 18) A person can get panic attack anywhere. For example, if a person experiences a panic attack while he is swimming, he may experience a terrible fear of drowning. The long-term effect on his personality would be that he might completely avoid going near a swimming pool, sea, river or pond and in extreme cases even his bathtub. Panic disorder causes acute depression and people suffering from it even turn alcoholic or drug addict to fight their depression. Agoraphobia: According to Dr. Sanjay Chugh, " The ancient term 'agoraphobia' is translated from Greek as 'fear of an open marketplace'. Agoraphobia today describes severe and pervasive anxiety about being in situations from which escape might be difficult or avoidance of situations such as being alone outside one's home, traveling in a car, bus or airplane, or being in a crowded area." (Mind/psychology/phobia/anxiety. asp section, para.10) Therefore people suffering from agoraphobia start getting panic attacks the moment they are away from their homes or people they trust and get help from. The more the distance from their home and dear ones, the more is the intensity of their restlessness and fear. Hence, "severely agoraphobic people avoid going out altogether

Mrs Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mrs - Research Proposal Example The media brought out the Egyptian revolution to the world and made the world unite in protest. The heroic portrayals of the Egyptian people through the media could be one of the reasons that made people stand up and fight. But there were losses, in terms of life and property. Who accounts for that? In togetherness is makes a very interesting topic to research on the impact of media in bringing about revolution. Purpose of the Research: The main purpose of this research paper should be to thoroughly investigate and find a co relation between the presence of media in everyday life and the surge in people’s revolutions against tyranny and dictatorship across the world. Objective of the Research: The main objectives of the paper can be summarized as follows: The paper should also help realize to what extent the media has been playing a role as a catalyst in instigating people’s thought and need for a revolutionary movement. ... Academics argue that most individual’s life style and thoughts are influenced by what is being portrayed by the media. Thus it become very important to analyze if revolutionary decisions are being taken rationally or is the media responsible for instigating such interest and motives by its portrayal of events. Is it not possible that the media can be selective in what it portrays as eventually it also has to look after its economic viability? (Biagi, 2002) Literature Review: April, 2007 witnessed the worst school shooting in American history when one gunman took 32 other lives beside himself inside Virginia Tech University. Psychologist and member of the society put the cause on over exposure to violent entertainment in the media. Activists and leaders called on the media to control their portrayal of violence in an attempt to protect the minds of young people. At the same time, it is also to be noted that the media portrayals may not affect the behavior of all individuals in the same way (Sparks, 2010). However the presence of media can be seen everywhere around human beings to the extent that it affects us economically socially and culturally. Sometimes the mass media even influences one’s way of talking, eating habits, working, studying and relaxing (Biagi, 2006). The media is then also seen as a source of power and empowerment for the civil society. It brings knowledge that lets people think and decide, provides empowerment to the society by revolutionizing thoughts. The empowerment of women in many societies across the globe is often credited to the efforts of mass media to bring along changes (Klaehn, 2010). It is also supported by Sparks (2010) saying that progress through personal experiences and

European Union and Human Rights Watch Research Paper

European Union and Human Rights Watch - Research Paper Example The European Union (EU) is one of the many institutions created with the solid intent of promoting and fostering peace among the constituent members and the world in general. The EU has led to the achievement of many goals and missions among them protection of sovereignty of the member countries, enhancing economic status of the member states, promoting democracy and literacy in the member states. EU has also fostered and as well as establishing adaptable regional and international relation of the member countries and outside world. The ideas that led to the formation and establishment of the European Union (EU) emerged in the early 1940s (Briney). The main idea was to reduce the series and cases of wars that involved individual European nations and to steer the constituent countries towards positive social-economic and political growth. It is important to reckon that the existence of small institutional relations otherwise called alliances, which consisted of friendly EU nations, wa s the main escalator and stimulator of the World War II that rocked the continent. The purpose of the alliances was to help create a protective shell developed on pacts signed by friendly nations to assure military, political and economic support upon external attacks and threats against any member. Alliances defined the political organization of the European states during and immediately after the end of World War I. However, this changed during and after the World War II as states settled to deliberate and solve differences that spurred conflicts among them. The first step was the unification of the coal and steel industries under the umbrella of European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). This organization became operational upon the signing of the Paris Treaty in 1951 under the chairmanship of Robert Schuman, who was French minister for foreign affairs. Upon formation, ECSC consisted of six member countries namely, France, Belgium, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, and West Germany. In collectivity, the member states exercised control over the steel and coal industries, which produced ammunitions among other things (Dimitrakopoulos 13). The year 1957 saw the signing of yet another important pact named the Rome Treaty. Rome Treaty led to the creation and establishment a common market known as the European Economic Community (EEC). The main reason behind signing and commencement of the EEC was to unify the Eastern and Western fronts that tended to be at war. EEC could therefore help spread diversity across the contradicting fronts as people moved and traded freely across the member states that included the initial six members of ECSC (Dimitrakopoulos 14). During the same year of 1957, and still in Rome, was the signing of another treaty that led to the creation of the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or EURATOM). The three organizations that included the ECSC, EEC and the EAEC reduced to what was the European Communities. According to Carbaugh, the need to consolidate the operations of the three organizations under single commission and council attracted a meeting in Brussels that led to the eventual signing of the Treaty of Merger in 1965 (7). Denmark, United Kingdom and Ireland joined the European Communities in 1973, raising the number of members to nine. The increasing

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Assignment - Essay Example In the light of the concepts mentioned above, this report will aim at analysing the different approaches to organisational design as well as organisational effectiveness in order to evaluate why most managers find rational approaches to organisations and organising appealing. Corporate strategy is among the important factors that affect organisational design; however, numerous other contingencies such as â€Å"environment, size and life-cycle, technology, and organisational culture† are found to be influencing organisational design. In order to manifest effectiveness, an organisation should be â€Å"designed to fit the contingency factors† (Daft, 2009, pp.73). This has been depicted in the form of the figure appended below. Organisational effectiveness is one of the major objectives of organisational design and efficient organisations have a tendency to generate growing amounts of riches to be shared out among employees, management, and the society as opposed to the fact that such organisations are relatively more occupied with their internal functioning in comparison to effective organisations. One of the major challenges faced by organisational evaluation is to find out the most practicable methods for differentiating between ineffective and effective organisations. Hence, managers should design the companies that they lead, taking into consideration the fact that this is predominantly a creative endeavour. It has been said that â€Å"by far the predominant view of how decisions ought to be made is the rational approach†, and Mintzberg et al. (1976) have summarised the stages associated with it as recognition, diagnosis, search, design, evaluation, choice, authorisation and implementation (Butler, 1991, pp.43). It has been theorised that â€Å"rationality as applied to organisations considered the actions of the

Cultural competency Essay Example for Free

Cultural competency Essay Cultural competency is an important strategy of eliminating racial disparities and improving quality in health, human and social services. The goal of cultural competency in these services is to create a health, human and social service system and practitioners who are capable of delivering the highest-quality care to all clients regardless of their cultural background, ethnicity, and race and language proficiency. If the professionals are not culturally competent they will not be in a position to handle social problems (Lecca, et. al. 1998, p. 71). Professionals offering these services do require an interpreter in certain situations such as; when the provider is not thoroughly effective and fluent in the target language should always use an interpreter. In situations when a client is not mentally fit a provider may need an interpreter. In cases in which language and literacy rate of the patient and practitioner vary due to different cultural groups, an interpreter will be required. Incase the client is a child who is under five years or more or an elderly person an interpreter is required. If the client is unconscious the provider can request for an interpreter (Lecca, et. al. 1998, p. 89). To minimize these problems, a professional should use an interpreter of the same sex as the client to avoid client from feeling insecure. Family members should be avoided as interpreters. Professional should learn basic words and sentences to minimize use to interpreter since they don’t deliver effective works due to biasness. They should address patients directly without any direct commentary to or through interpreter. Incase the professional suspects any problems and gets a negative response, then s/he should know that the interpreter knows what he wants. Interpreter should not be confused through backing up rephrasing or hesitating. Finally providers should attain training to be culturally competent to avoid cases of having an interpreter so as to offer effective service to clients (Lecca, et. al. 1998, p. 210). Using of an interpreter is not a good idea because the service given to the client will not be sufficient since an interpreter may be bias. Incase the interpreter is of different sex, s/he no knowledge on the service provided to clients of other sex leading to poor or wrong service being given to the client. There is no guarantee that practitioner’s conversion will be correctly interpreted to the patients and patient’s comments may not be conveyed accurately (Lecca, et. al. 1998, p. 211). List of References Lecca, P. J. , et. al. (1998), Cultural Competency in Health, Social and Human Services: Directions for the Twenty-first Century. NY: Garland Publisher

Strategic approach to entering a new international market

Strategic approach to entering a new international market It is an international marketing planning assignment where I am supposed to launch a product in the foreign market and I have selected UK as my market and Dabur Real juice is my product which I will be introducing in UK. INTERNATIONAL MARKETING PLANNING According to the American Marketing Association (AMA) international marketing is the multinational process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives THE ANALYSIS: Dabur is the fourth Fast Moving Consumer Goods company in India. Dabur was established in 1884. This Company is giving an excellent performance since 125 years. Dabur has more than 300 products.( www.dabur.com) but the main product of this company is Dabur- Ayurvedic health care products, Vatika-premium hair care, Hajmola-tastey digestives, Real fruit juices and beverages, Fam-fairness bleaches skin care products. It has expended their products in various countries that includes Middle East, North West Africa, EU and the US with its brands Dabur Vatika. had a turnover of approximately US$ 750 Million Market Capitalisation of over US$ 3.5 Billion with brands like Dabur Amla, Dabur Chyawanparas, Vatika, Hajmola and . The company has kept an eye on new generations of consumers with arrange of products that cater to a modern life style while managing no to alienate earlier generation of loyal costumers the companies growth rate rose from 10% to 40%. The expected growth rate for two years was to fold. Dabur foods a subsidiary of Dabur India is expecting to grow at 25%. Its brands of juices namely and active together make it a market leader in fruit juice category. (The Economic Times, www. Dabur.com) According to the above data the market of fruit juice and juice drinks in UK is still has vast market after recession , the sales of fruit juice was 1189 m litres in 2005 but after gradually declining, sales was 1159 m litres in 2009, which is also a good quantity. There is a good chance for Dabur real juice for success in this market. The fruit juice and juice drink market is valued at Pound 3.1 billion in 2009 and while both volumes and value have grown in recent years. (oxygen .mintel.com) Britain now consumes 2.2 billion litres of juice drinks a year around 36 litres for every man, woman and child.(news.bbc.co.uk). This figure shows the future growth of product one it make the goodwill after establishment. UK food market is one of the highly regulated food markets in the world and it is hard for any company to launch a new food product in the UK market. On top of that the existing intense competition by leading corporations selling juice products such as Pepsi Co and Coca Cola made it hard for other brands to enter into UK juice-consumer market. Tropicana is the no.1juice in UK. Tropicana makes the juices and smoothies from the highest quality of fruit, expertly blended. It contain 100% juice no added water.(www.pepsico.co.uk) On the other hand, it represents a unique opportunity for a multinational company to enter such market with a differentiated product attracting a specific customer-base which is spread all over United Kingdom. Dabur, the multi-national company, based in India is one of the oldest Fast Moving Consumer Good company selling range of products to its customers since 1885. It operates in 8 countries worldwide including United Kingdom but selling only limited number of products outside India. Due to its multinational nature and have number of years experience in international trading, it puts the company in the unique place to launch its juice products in the United Kingdom. There are many competitors in the market for new products which has mentioned in above data, in which PepsiCo, princes, Del monte has strong hold over the market.The organisation already sells some of its health products in Britain so already possess UK consumer experience. The UK juice market is competitive in its nature with leading brands established such as Tropicana and Copella. But there is a huge market potential to attract those customers who have some kind of connection with Indian sub-continent and are loyal to the products originated from that continent. TARGET MARKET The target market of my product would be south of London because the majority of Indian people are living there and they already know about the brand, there is a possibility to sale product among the Indian origin people, afterward we will launch the product in all over London. The number of residents in UK according to office of national statistics exceeds 3 million which are spread all over the country hence making an ideal position for a leading company like Dabur to launch its juice brand . According to Dabur.com, It has been the preferred choice of consumers when it comes to packaged fruit juices, which is what makes Indias No. 1 Fruit juice brand. It further clarifies the status of that, has been awarded Indias Most Trusted Brand status for four years in a row. This reflects the unique quality of this juice product which after number of years of hard work has not only get to the top place in the massive retail market of India but also retained the top position for four years. To expand internationally, British market offers best opportunity for this Indian brand targeting initially those customers who has some kind of connection with Indian sub-continent. Its unique entry point into the UK market typically based on the Core quality aspects of the ranges of the juices under brand available together with its augmented services such as the theme of Indian-culture with the core product. UK juice market currently worth at $6602.5 million which includes a 10.9% increase in 2009 according to the datamonitor report on UK juice industry profile. With that it is set to increase by 53% to the total value of $10,118.5 million by year 2014 since 2009.(www.lowpriceshopper.co.uk) The leading competitors include Pepsi INC., Del Monte Foods Company and GSK but do not include any of the Asian brands. UK market represents the 26.2% of EU juice market value (www.fdf.org.uk) hence representing an ideal place for Dabur to launch its juice products in this new market and to have access to EU market. Although the existing competitors face intense competition among selling juices but such rivalry tend to reduce due to the international comparisons and differential market shares in other markets. The juice market typically consists of the following juice types: 100% fruit juice from concentrate 100% fruit juice not from concentrate Nectar 30%-99% juice Fruit drink Vegetable juice The best selling type from the above is the 100% fruit juice not from concentrate. Dabur focuses on producing 100% juice not from concentrate and its juice ranges up to 12 covering almost all types of fruits. There is no single competitor in UK who is covering that many types of 100% juice not from concentrate thus making it ideal for this global FMCG to enter and survive the intense UK juice market and establish its juice brand . Its suitability for growth opportunity depends on the penetration of the brand into the market where there is a high concentration of residents of Indian-subcontinent. Its unique selling point is the existing quality which is on top of range of already established juice brands in UK market plus the comprehensive range of juices and the fact that it has been originated in India from a company which is in existence for more than 125 years. UK market is also considered an ideal market for Dabur due to high disposable incomes, and high health consciousness of UK residents couple with the desire of convenience of having quality products at the doorstep. The brand initially fits the criteria of becoming a successful juice brand in UK market but on top of that it ca n also launch similar juice products such as smoothies to compete with other major competitors such as Innocent. High product awareness means that Dabur can emphasize on the core qualities of its juices which circle around the healthy lifestyles. The biggest obstacle of a foreign market is the language barrier which can end up in high promotional cost. But Dabur already promotes its products in English in India and have large number of employees who are already skilled in English language. Thus entering the UK market will not going to increase its product-development or employee-training cost in anyway. There is also high rates of tourism every year which currently takes place in both countries thus there is already a huge sense of collaboration and exchange of cultural values in place. A big Asian community in UK means that Dabur only need to use different pricing strategies for products rather than starting from the scratch point of heavy promotion of its juices. (Economicstimes. indiatimes.com,www.dabur.com) MODE OF ENTRY BY DABUR REAL JUICE Export (Direct or Indirect) Joint Venture Direct Development Figure: International Market Entry Options Looking at the options above, company on the first instance can use the option of exporting its juice products because of low risk it carries but it will prove unsustainable for the company due to its traditional selling techniques which do not include exporting the products or having a joint venture. Company can make best use of Direct Development option by using its current product and customer base at a little extra cost. It gives company the maximum benefits of ultimate control but comes with the maximum cost without sharing it with any partners. This strategy fits best with Dabur international expansion motives which come with long term commitment in the international market. Direct Development also gives Dabur full control of marketing mix. There are number of marketing options available for Dabur to expand its product base in UK to include its popular brand and it does have number of options. Looking at generic strategies it can enter the UK market through Niche plays by having its brand on display in small corner and town shops present in multi-cultural areas of England such as London, Birmingham and Manchester. Due to the limited number of products offered by Dabur at this stage, it suggests that it has high excess capacity available by looking at the range of products it offers in Indian market. On top of that, the work it has done before on the development of brand in UK, it can be proved very successful for the launch of brand. This international expansion also suggests a good strategy to spread the corporate risk. Assignment 2. You are planning to enter this market as a market challenger. Examine your strategic attack options. To challenge existing competitors, further market analysis is being carried out as given below with discussion on strategic attack options: MARKET SEGMENTATION: First steps towards developing a strategic attach option on the competitors is the market segmentation. As a result of market segmentation company will be in a clear position on how to enter the market and reach the customers. Market Segmentation is the process of identifying different group of users within the market. (Croft, 1994). Dabur will need to use following product distribution networks to reach wider customer audience which is also covered by the competitors thus creating a challenging environment for them. WHOLESALERS: When the market for juice are distributed in UK then these one that is wholesalers falls under a category which deals the juice directly or indirectly with customers. DISTRIBUTERS: They are specialized in the task and well known about the local preferences so its easy to get localized feedback, and they again major consumer of juice. AGENTS: Agent has the all information about the local contractors, distributors and retailers etc. So they can enhance the dealing among the retailers. Agents will help to increase the network. RETAILERS: Retailer is the ultimate person who is directly dealing with customers or direct sales the product, he directly interact the buyers and delivered the information to customer about product due to which buyer buy the product there are a lot of dabur retailers are available in London which are already selling different product of Dabur. TARGETING Targeting is the second stage of the Segmentation Targeting and Positioning (STP) process. After the market has been separated into its segments, the marketer will select a segment or series of segments and target it/them. The task of marketing manager is to plan and execute programs that will assure an elite competitive advantage for any organization. According to Czinkota and Ronkainen (1990), this task has two integral part. They are (1) the determining of of specific target markets and (2) marketing management that consists of certain marketing mix elements. Option 1 THINK GLOBAL ACT LOCAL To target its customer base, company initially needs to take into account the habits of its potential customers such as there cultural and attitude needs and which types of products such customers values. Dabur will have competitive advantage here against any other international FMCG who wish to target similar customer base as it is already aware of the cultural needs of the target customer base. However it needs to act very sensitively to attract and retain customers of Indian origin due to intense rivalry and availability of alternative products. Such customer base can be act as a source of promotion within UK market and outside UK market due to large movement of people globally which is turning world in a single market. Option 2 Decentralisation Theodore Levitt has already commented on international movement in 1983 which was published in Harvard Business Review, Ancient differences in national tastes or modes of doing business disappear, the commodity of preferences leads inescapably to the standardisation of products, manufacturing, and the institutions of trade and commercesuccess in world competition turns on efficiencies of production, distribution, marketing and management. To integrate above, company need to ensure some de-centralisation within its organisation. Although it does have its subsidiaries in 7 other countries including UK, but specifically for the launch of product in UK decentralisation of marketing strategy from its Indian based business will be proved very beneficial. The decentralisation of marketing strategy will bring the benefits to Dabur UK such as addressing local needs more effectively but there will be issues in overall brand protection and strategic continuity of the overall business. Option 3 Using web Looking at high internet access, Dabur should also use the web as the major marketing strategy to attract the customer to its product but it will need to ensure that it tries to use same strategic principles in marketing its Product in UK as it does in India to keep the similarities in communication channels. Communication strategy forms the part of promotional aspects of the Dabur Company which alongside other Ps of the market strategy are discussed in the implementation section of this report in further detail. Assessing the options: How the product differs from others? The Dabur Real juice would be different from other juice products of UK. It contain more nutrient and Ayurvedic substances which will make this product differ from others, ayurvedic substances will give much more energy as compared to others. it will target the customers age group between 10 to 35 but its also attract the customers above 35 due to its nutrition and more energetic factors. To further develop strategic attach options, marketing mix analysis is carried out. The marketing mix is the term which is use to explain the compounding maneuver used by businessman for accomplishment of goal through its products and services. Usually its work on particular target group. It refers all 4 Ps which are few of the vital factors which implies the implementation of the product. Product Price Promotion Place Product : We are going to launch fruit juice it comes in different flavour. fruit juice is the core product. The company will launch its 14 variants in two divisions the first division will include the launch of seven variants and critically analysing the success. The company will launch its next seven variants after a period of 6 months. the juice will appeal to the people of all age group as health is no consider as wealth and juice is capable of nourishing people health of different age group. juice contains some added fleavors which will attract the age group of six to ten. Every product has a life cycle. Which start from Introduction than Growth afterward Maturity than after Declining and ultimately withdrawal last time of product. With the help of this product we can forecast the life of our product Real fruit juice. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE Price : fruit juice is the natural flavoured juice which consists of various nutrients and vitamins. Based on the investment and quality, we fix a good price for selling. The company has launch its products by CREAMING price technique. Price will also help to show the brand and quality which attract the customers. We are using the direct development of the product strategy to launch this product, so we need to recover the cost of production and also good profit margin. Profit is directly related to price of product in any organization. Price is important as it generates revenue. juice price margin will be excellent due to its brand name. Sometimes customer make general perception that low price means low quality. So we cant ignore the customers like or dislike. Customer think negative about the very low price. They think that is inferior good and in case of too high price customer think product is very expensive. Until and unless company calculate the exact cost of goods and services, then c ompany afford more loss on more sale. Place : Initially we target the Indian dominated place in UK. UK is the highly multi cultural country, where we can find the people from every part of the world. Inside the UK London is the highly multi cultural location, south and west London would be most preferable place for launching the product fruit juice. Apart from London, we will also provide the easy accessibility of fruit juice in Birmingham, Manchester etc. We will try to cover all those places where the transport is very economic. Product would be available in many physical stores as well as on virtual stores over the internet. Promotion : Promotion of any product is a vital process of an organization. We should be very careful about the promotion of fruit juice. Now a days we are living in the modern era, it is easy to provide the information about our product inside and outside of the door. Promotion has 4 vital elements: advertising, personal selling, public relation and sales promotion. Advertising is a channel of communication which influences the listeners, viewers and readers directly or indirectly. With the help of advertisement we will make our product fruit juice among the customers. At this time we advertise fruit juice in various ways through television, radios, electronics, print media, banners and template also. We will distribute the free samples among the people. At the time of launching product in the market, we ned to spend a certain amount of money on advertisement. we can show the quality of product through advertising in electronic as well as print media. News papers and magazines contain the advertisement for a long period. It is one of the effective modes of promotion of goods. Free sample distribution and cash discount enhance the awareness of product in the market with the help of this process people will know about the taste and quality of a product, if they like product, they will start buying regularly. Cash discount always attracts the consu mers attention to buy product. We will also promote our fruit juice by good public relation. Daubur already have good image in the eye of Indian customers, so we will try to maintain this brand level in UK. We will also use the technique of individual sale to promote our fruit juice. Middleman in Distribution: We may reach out consumers either directly that is without help of distribution channel, or may be by using more than two distribution channel. Manufacturer to customer: with the help of direct marketing we can sell juice to buyers by personal selling, direct mail, telephone selling and internet etc. To distribute our fruit Juice we make available our product in to the multiplex, malls and give franchise and open new shop in local market. We will deal with agent, wholesaler and retailer to easy accessibility of our fruit juice to customers. Effective channel of distribution boost the sales of product. Critical Reflection Dabur juice is all set to launch itself in highly competitive juice market and ready to compete with well establish firms of juice market that include Pepsi co, Tesco, Tropicana.with Tropicana sharing the largest market share , Dabur juice can face some tough challenges. As discussed earlier the company using the creaming price technique it could go against the success of the juice in UK as some well established juice companies are charging much more nominal price and offering the similar quality. The company is the new entrant in UK juice market and Direct Development can go against the company which has just now moved their step forward by launching itself in UK market. Direct Development has advantage of getting maximum profits but on the other hand there are certain disadvantages as it is too costly for investment and it bears a lot of risk with it. The company will take much time for recovering its cost as the amount for investment is very high.The company will have to invest a huge amount in promotional activities as it has been mention earlier that in order to promote the juice the company will adopt a policy of distribution of free samples among the prospective consumers that could increase the cost and effect the profit of the company in long run. With the presence of well establish firms there is a perfect competition amongst the rivals, which could effect the success of the business in longer period of a time. Lack of Monopoly Market and presence of perfect competation the company will have to develop some unique strategy to tackle the problem of fierce rivalry in juice market. Although the company Dabur already launched in UK, the product of dabur that is juice is first amongst its categories it is a general perception of people that hesitate on shifting to a new product and juice been a new product could face this kind of difficulties. The company has a strategy of targeting the people of Indian origin it may happen that people of Indian origin may be use to local products so the company is in a great risk of failure in UK market. The company has adopted a direct development technique which involves a huge investment that includes setting ups the industries marketing which include a huge cost and in turn increases the profit earning capacity but at the same time the company has to go through high risk of not recovering it costs due to large investment and using direct development technique. BIBLOGRAPHY The Economics Times, 5 Dec, 2010, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/cons-products/fmcg/Dabur-rebrands-Real-juice-eyes-Rs-700-cr-from-food-div/articleshow/7046665.cms The complete directory of BBC, http://www.bbc.co.uk/a-z/ Food and Drink Federation, first half 2010 updated, access from, http://www.fdf.org.uk/publicgeneral/Food_and_drink_exports_firsthalf_2010.pdf Low price shopper, access from, http://www.lowpriceshopper.co.uk/vitamins_nutritionalsupplements/products__keyworduk+juice.html Times of India, access from, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/search.cms Mintel, http://academic.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/my_reports/display/id=479966anchor=atom/displaytables/id=479966#section_554384 The Economic Times, 5 Dec, 2010, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/7046665.cms?prtpage=1 http://www.pepsico.co.uk/brands/tropicana Diet Blog, http://www.diet-blog.com/07/the_10_top_selling_brands_in_the_uk.php IBIS World, http://www.ibisworld.co.uk/industry/default.aspx?indid=495 Oxygen.mintel.com, http://oxygen.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen/display/id=467867/display/id=479966 Oxygen.mintel.com, http://oxygen.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen/display/id=467867/display/id=479966/display/id=227778 Adcock, D et al (2001), Marketing Principles Practices, 4th edition, Harlow, Pearson Education Limited, p. 120. Czinkota and Ronkainen, International Marketing 5th ed, (the Dryden Press, 1990) pp 17-19 Burca, Fletcher and Brown, International Marketing: An SME Perspective, (Prentice Hall, 2004) pp 476-78 www.Dabur.com Figures has been taken from Data monitor www.marketingteacher.com Doole I and Lowe R, (2001), International Marketing Stretegy, London, Thomson Learning. Gilligan, C and Wilson, M.S. (2003), Strategic Marketing Planning, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann. McDonald M, (2003), Marketing Plans how to prepare them, how to use them, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann. Croft, Market Segmentation, 2nd ed, Thomas learning 1994,pg 22-33 Wright, Business to Business Marketing, 1st edition, Prentice Hall 2003,pg 10-22 Kotler Keller, Marketing Management, 13th ed, Prentice Hall 2009, pg 696 Hollensen 2007 Global Marketing 4th ed, pg 481 Keegan, J. W. and Mark C. G, (2003), Global Marketing, New Jersey, Pearson Education Inc. Kotlar, P.C. et al, (2001), Principles of Marketing, 3rd edition, Harlow, Pearson Education Limited, p. 76. Kotler P. C, (2003), Marketing Management, New Jersey, Pearson Education. McDonald M, (2003), Marketing Plans how to prepare them, how to use them, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann. Micklethwait, J and Wooldridge, A (2000), Future Perfect: The Challenge and Hidden Promise of Globalisation, New York, Crown Business, p.131. www.siakhenn.trepod.com/capita.html

History of statistics and its significance

History of statistics and its significance History of Statistics and its Significance Statistics is a relatively new subject, which branched from Probability Theory and is widely used in areas such as Economics and Astrology. It is a logic and methodology to measure uncertainty and it is used to do inferences on these uncertainties (Stigler, 1986). The history of Statistics can be firstly traced back to the 1600s. John Graunt (1620-1674) could be considered as the pioneer of statistics and as the author of the first book regarding statistics. He published Natural and Political observations on the Bills of Mortality in 1662 whereby he was studying the plague outbreak in London at the time requested by the King. Graunt was asked to come up with a system that would allow them to detect threats of further outbreaks, by keeping records of mortality and causes of death and making an estimation of the population. By forming the life table, Graunt discovered that statistically, the ratio of male to females are almost equal. Then in 1666, he collected data and started to exami ne life expectancies. All of this was fundamental as he was arguably the first to create a condensed life table from large data and was able to do some analysis on it. In addition, this is widely used in life insurance today, showing the importance and significance of Graunts work (Verduin, 2009). Another reason why this is significant is because of his ability in demonstrating the value of data collection (Stigler, 1986). Then in 1693, Edmond Halley extended Graunts ideas and formed the first mortality table that statistically made the relationship between age and death rates. Again, this is used in life insurance (Verduin, 2009). Another contributor to the formation of statistics is Abraham De Moivre (1667-1823). He was the first person to identify the properties of the normal curve and in 1711, introduced the notion of statistical independence (Verduin, 2009). In 1724, De Moivre studied mortality statistics and laid down foundations of the theory of annuities, inspired by the work of Halley. This is significant as annuities are widely used in the Finance industry today, in particular, when forming actuarial tables in life insurance. De Moivre then went on to talk about the idea of the normal distribution which can be used to approximate the binomial distribution (OConnor and Robertson, 2004). William Playfair (1759-1823) was the person who invented statistical graphics, which included the line graph and the bar graph chart in 1786 and the pie chart in 1801. He believed that charts were a better way to represent data and he was driven to this invention by a lack of data. This was a milestone as these graphical representations are used everywhere today, the most notable being the time-series graph, which is a graph containing many data points measured at successive uniform intervals over a period of time. These graphs can be used to examine data such as shares, and could be used to predict future data (Robyn 1978). Adolphe Quetlet (1796-1874) was the first person to apply probability and statistics to Social Sciences in 1835. He was interested in studying about human characteristics and suggested that the law of errors, which are commonly used in Astronomy, could be applied when studying people and through this, assumptions or predictions could be in regards to physical features and intellectual features of a person. Through Quetlets studies, he discovered that the distribution of certain characteristics when he made a diagram of it was in a shape of a bell curve. This was a significant discovery as Quetlet later went on to form properties of the normal distribution curve, which is a vital concept in Statistics today. Using this concept of average man, Quetlet used this to examine other social issues such as crime rates and marriage rates. He is also well known for the coming up with a formula called the Quetlet Index, or more commonly known as Body Mass Index, which is an indication or measure for obesity. This is still used today and you could find out your BMI by calculating. If you get an index of more than 30, it means the person is officially obese (OConnor and Robertson, 2006). Other members who made little but significance contributions to Statistics are Carl Gauss and Florence Nightingale. Gauss was the first person who played around with the least squares estimation method when he was interested in astronomy and attempted to predict the position of a planet. He later proved this method by assuming the errors are normally distributed. The method of least squares is widely used today, in Astronomy for example, in order to minimise the error and improve the accuracy of results or calculations (OConnor and Robertson, 1996). It was also the most commonly used method before 1827 when trying to combine inconsistent equations (Stigler, 1986). Nightingale was inspired by Quetlets work on statistical graphics and produced a chart detailing the deaths of soldiers where she worked. She later went on to analyse that state and care of medical facilities in India. This was significant as Nightingale applied statistics to health problems and this led to the improvement of medical healthcare. Her important works were recognised as became the first female to be a member of the Royal Statistical Society (Cohen, 1984). One of the greatest contributors was Francis Galton (1822-1911) who helped create a statistical revolution which laid foundations for future statisticians like Karl Pearson and Charles Spearman (Stigler, 1986). He was related to Charles Darwin and had many interests, such as Eugenics and Anthropology. He came up with a number of vital concepts, including the regression, standard deviation and correlation, which came about when Galton was studying sweet peas. He discovered that the successive sweet peas were of different sizes but regressed towards the mean size and the distribution of their parents (Gavan Tredoux, 2007). He later went on to work with the idea of correlation when he was studying the heights of parents and the parents children when they reach adulthood, where he made a diagram of his findings and found an obvious correlation between the two. He then performed a few other experiments and came to the conclusion that the index of the correlation was an indication to the d egree in which the two variables were related to one another. His studies were significant as they are all fundamental in Statistics today and these methods are used in many areas for data analysis, especially with extracting meaningful information between different factors (OConnor and Robertson, 2003). The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900 Stephen M Stigelr Publisher: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, March 1, 1990 p1, 4, 40, 266 http://www.leidenuniv.nl/fsw/verduin/stathist/stathist.htm A short History of Probability and Statistics Kees Verduin Last Updated: March 2009 Last Accessed: 02/04/2010 http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/De_Moivre.html The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive Article by: J J OConnor and E F Robertson Copyright June 2004 Last Accessed: 05/04/2010 The American Statistician Volume: 32, No: 1 Quantitative graphics in statistics: A brief history James R. Beniger and Dorothy L. Robyn p1-11 http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Quetelet.html The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive Article by: J J OConnor and E F Robertson Copyright August 2006 Last Accessed: 06/04/2010 http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Gauss.html The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive Article by: J J OConnor and E F Robertson Copyright December 1996 Last Accessed: 06/04/2010 Scientific American 250 Florence Nightingale I. Bernard Cohen March 1984, p128-37/p98-107depending on country of sale http://galton.org/ Francis Galton Edited and Maintained by: Gavan Tredoux Last Updated: 12/11/07 (according to the update in News section) Last Accessed: 07/04/2010 http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Galton.html The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive Article by: J J OConnor and E F Robertson Copyright October 2003 Last Accessed: 07/04/2010

History :: essays research papers

Question 3: Triangle trade brought slavery to America and helped Americans get important commodities it could not otherwise obtain. In the short term, triangle trade allowed farmers, fishermen, and other businesses to export their goods and make money, also allowing them to import goods that they needed from England. Triangle trade was necessary because of the British Navigation Acts, which restricted trade on certain items. Triangle trade also came about because sometime around the 1730’s the English market had reached its saturation point with American goods. The English had no need for American products, but the Americans still needed money to buy the English goods. The answer was in looking to foreign markets. In the early to mid 1700’s triangle trade brought prosperity and important goods to the colonists. Triangle trade did indeed bring important commodities, slaves being one of them. Slavery is the most important thing that triangle trade produced. The issue of slavery continually caused tension between the northern and southern colonies/states until finally there was war. The issue of slavery divided a nation ironically named the United States. While on an issue with all low points there is one fact which stands above the rest, somewhat. Due to the fact that it was a longer voyage for the slaves to reach America they were much higher priced than in the Southern Americas, where slaves were considered expendable and worked until death. Accoridngly, slaves where considered important and treated much better in North America. Slavery is a low point in American history many will try to forget, but will be embedded in the minds of all. The Great Awakening was a time of spiritual revival from the bland, monotone speakers of the past. The new speakers were crazed with enthusiasm and used unheard of methods of preaching, which greatly upset â€Å"old lights† or orthodox clergymen. The Great Awakening caused the creation of many new denominations, preaching styles, and competitiveness in America’s churches. Jonathan Edwards was one of the first men to revolutionize the nation with these new preaching techniques. His most famous speech, â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,† gave a graphic depiction of what eternal damnation was like. He used an example of a spider hanging from its web over a fire to show that at any time you could die and be cast into hell. The other prolific speaker of the time was George Whitefield.

Subjects of International Law Essays -- International Law

In any kind of legal relations, subject always play an important role, and it is one of the signals to determine the relation that pertaining the adjustment of any legislation system. International law is a legislation system that is a set of thousands of documents from various sources. The research about the subjects is necessary since it helps to find out the source of law, which relation pertains the adjustment of law. The subjects of international law include sovereign states and analogous entities, intergovernmental organizations, the individuals, and multinational corporations. First of all, we need to know the definition of the subjects of international law. In the perspective of legal theories, to identify the subjects of international law must be based on these following basic signals: The participation in international legal relations that be adjusted by the international law; having the will of independence in international activities; having a full rights and obligations severally toward other objects under the scope to adjust of international law; ability of shoulder the international legal responsibility for the acts executed by object. Generally, objects of international law are the entities that are participating in, or may have the ability to participate in the international legal relations independently. They have the full legal international rights and obligations for the acts executed by object. About the power of the subjects of international law, it is the basic properties, the special legal ability of the subjects that inherited the rights and shoulder the obligations, legal responsibility in international legal relations. Subjects' power includes two aspects, and only when ones get all these two aspec... ...References Acquaviva, G, 2005, 'Subjects of international law: a power-based analysis', Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, viewed 7 January 2011, . Hamid, AG, 'The subjects of international law', viewed 7 January 2011, SUBJECTS%20OF%20INTERNATIONAL.pdf>. Queen's University Belfast 2011, Subjects of International Law, Northern Ireland, viewed 7 January 2011, Library/>. Wikipedia Contributors 2011, 'International law', Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 6 January, viewed 7 January 2011, .