17

A look back on Wells Fargo scandals - Inside Subprime 11/17/17 Whats up with Wells Fargo? An updated scandal timeline Whats up with Wells Fargo? An updated scandal timelineInside Subprime:  April 20, 2018By Caroline ThompsonAmerican banking giant Wells Fargo has had a tough year in the press. Every new day brings a fresh new set of legal battles for the bank, which has been forced to pay millions in restitution and has had several major resignations and reorganizations after a slew of illegal banking practices have, one by one, come to light. Weve reported on many of these scandals as theyve surfaced, so we put together a scandal timeline to help keep track of all the lawsuits, and help readers who  have Wells Fargo bank accounts, credit cards or loans figure out how exactly these reports of misconduct affect them.September 8, 2016  The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, along with the Los Angeles City Attorney and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency fine Wells Fargo $185 million for opening up bank and credit card accounts in customers names without their knowledge or consent. More tha n two million fake accounts were opened, and customers were scammed out of millions in fees and fines on accounts they â€" in many cases â€" did not even know they had. 5,300 Wells Fargo staffers were fired over the scandal, which was designed to help employees meet their sales goals and earn bonus pay.September 19, 2016Then-CEO John Stumpf testifies in front of Congress, and says all customers affected by the scandal will be reimbursed. Senator Elizabeth Warren calls for his resignation and asks him to forfeit his salary.September 27, 2016Carrie Tolstedt, who was the head of the retail division at the center of the fake accounts scandal, resigns ahead of her scheduled retirement. She receives no severance or equity awards, and the sales goals that spurred employees to create fake accounts in the first place are removed. Stumpf announces he will forfeit about $41 million in uninvested equity awards, and will not receive a salary as the investigation into bank continues.October 12, 2 016Stumpf resigns as CEO, and Tim Sloane is named as his successor. Stumpf leaves with a $133 million retirement package.January, 2017A group of Latino borrowers from California file a class-action lawsuit agains Wells Fargo alleging discrimination in access to credit and loans based on their immigration status.March, 2017The bank fires four more managers with ties to the fake accounts scandal. Announces no 2016 bonuses will be issued for any of the terminated employees or eight senior executives, including new CEO Tim Sloane.May, 2017Philadelphia files a lawsuit against Wells Fargo for allegedly targeting minority borrowers for bad loans. The city of Philadelphia also drops Wells Fargo as its payroll bank in favor of Citizens United. Wells Fargo files a motion to dismiss the discriminatory lending lawsuit.June 14, 2017Wells Fargo is accused of making improper changes to customers mortgage contracts. While the changes lowered the monthly payments, they extended the terms of the borr owers loans by decades, forcing them to pay back thousands more in the long run.July 27, 2017Wells Fargo admits to signing up 570,000 auto borrowers for car insurance they didnt need. Many victims of this scam could not afford both the unnecessary insurance and their car payments, and ended up falling behind on payments as a result. The bank agrees to pay $80 million in refunds to affected customers.August 3, 2017A U.S. District Judge rules that the  young immigrants denied credit by Wells Fargo for not bring U.S. citizens can sue the bank for discrimination.August 4, 2017The bank agrees to pay $108 million to settle a lawsuit alleging it overcharged veterans under a federal mortgage refinancing program. The lawsuit claims the bank secretly charged military veterans hidden fees that are, under a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs loan guaranty program, not applicable to veteran borrowers.August 11, 2017U.S. District Court files a lawsuit against Wells Fargo for years of overchargin g small businesses for processing credit card transactions and imposing illegal fees on bank accounts.August 24, 2017Lawyers for Wells Fargo call for an eight-year old, country-wide class-action lawsuit, alleging the bank reordered transactions in order to increase customer overdraft fees, to  be thrown out.  The bank wants the court to toss the class-action suit and force each individual victim of the scam to pursue separate arbitration. Wells Fargo is currently the only major U.S. bank still fighting these charges;  nearly all their competitors settled on similar accusations years ago.August 31, 2017The bank announces that it has uncovered up to 1.4 million more fake accounts, bringing the total number up from 2.1 million to a whopping 3.5 million. It will now pay $6.1 million in customer refunds instead of the $3.3 it was originally slated to pay back. In a statement,  CEO Tim Sloan expressed regret for the hurt the ever-expanding scandal has caused customers, saying: We apologiz e to everyone who was harmed by unacceptable sales practices that occurred in our retail bank.September 4, 2017A former loan officer at the Beverly Hills, CA branch of Wells Fargo reveals the bank has been cheating mortgage customers who were refinancing their homes. Less than a week earlier, a class-action lawsuit was filed against the bank for the same practice. Essentially, Wells Fargo has been purposely delaying mortgage loans and refinances, then tricking customers into paying for rate lock or extension fees in order to keep their interest rates at previously agreed-upon levels.September 29. 2017A teller at a Wells Fargo branch in Washington, DC has been accused of stealing $185,000 from a homeless customer, who tried to deposit that money into an existing account,  but didnt have the identification needed to complete the transaction. Instead, the teller opened new accounts in the mans name, including an ATM and PIN, and used the money on lavish vacations and a down payment on a house.October 2, 2017Nearly 2,000 workers who were fired in the wake of the fake accounts scandal have been hired back, according to Wells Fargo CEO Tim Sloan.October 3, 2017Sloan undergoes yet another round of Congressional grilling on both the  banks fake accounts scandal and hidden arbitration clauses. While Sloan claims Wells Fargo would not prevent customers from banding together and suing,  lawyers for the bank  seem to be  doing just that in Utah.October 16, 2017Wells Fargo profits continue to fall as the bank reports its third-quarter earnings. Year over year, revenue is down 2 percent from 2016, and their loan portfolio has shrunk for the third consecutive quarter.November 17, 2017Franklin Codel, head of consumer lending at Wells Fargo, was fired  this week over a communication he had with another former executive about that persons firing. According to NBC News, Codel violated company policies in the dismissal of the unnamed employee. The embattled bank said in a stateme nt that Codel had behaved in a manner that was contrary to the companys policies and expectations of its senior leaders.February 2, 2018The Federal Reserve announces that, in retribution for the banks widespread consumer abuses, Wells Fargo will have an assets cap imposed to prevent growth until it can prove it has changed its ways.  We cannot tolerate pervasive and persistent misconduct at any bank, outgoing Fed Chairwoman Janet Yellen said in a statement.April 20, 2018The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency announces that Wells Fargo will face a $1 billion penalty for their deceptive car insurance and mortgage schemes. The bank was found to be charging as many as 570,000 Wells Fargo customers for car insurance they didnt need, which resulted in around 20,000 customers defaulting on their car loans and having their vehicles repossessed. Additionally, the bank revealed in October that many of its mortgage borrowers were inappropriat ely charged for missing a deadline  to lock in promised interest rates, even though the delays were Wells Fargos fault.The bottom line:Well update this timeline as more news comes in, but for now, our advice for Wells Fargo customers is to try and diversify your assets. Check out local credit union options, and invest your money elsewhere if at all possible. If you suspect youve been a victim in any of these cases of fraudulent activity, check your credit report immediately. If you see any funny business, alert the credit bureaus, freeze your accounts, and consider submitting a complaint with the Consumer Finance Protection Bureau. For more resources, check out this article from the Journal Sentinel on actions Wells Fargo customers can take to protect themselves from further damage from the bank.Check out these related links and articles from OppLoans:Wells Fargo dealt two more legal blows, overdraft fees are up and a West Virginia couple sues for predatory lendingMaster your money with OppU, free interactive courses from OppLoansLearn more about personal installment loansWhy payday loans are a dangerous debt trapVisit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIn

Teaching Education For Students Of All Ages, Genders,...

I believe that there are many different techniques and strategies to connect with students of all ages, genders, ethnicities, and differences in learning. Educational philosophies are the foundation of education and how it influences students learning in classrooms. All teachers have their own belief on how education should be taught, I will express my thoughts to how I will provide education to my students. The purpose of education, three to four educational philosophies I plan to use, and why teaching matters to me, and how I will teach my classroom. First, the purpose of education is to inform children of what they need to know to succeed in this world. Education is important to a student in a number of ways, according to Johnson (2015) students need to be active participants in learning. A purpose of education is letting a student be engaged in learning something different to them, something the students will need in life to conquer a task that is not known to them. Pointed out b y Johnson (2015) students need tools and resources, these should be provided by the teacher and the student should learn and acquire them for their own purposes. Education should be not just confined in the classroom and textbook, students should be encouraged to explore and research information beyond that. I will provide my students with the knowledge that education is something they need to learn, and that it is useful in everything they do. In the words of Huerta (2009) the word†Show MoreRelatedUnderstanding And Supporting Gender Equity754 Words   |  4 PagesChapter eight of Multicultural Education focuses on both understanding and supporting gender equity in schools. Supporting gender equality use to mean providing both equal access and equal outcomes for all students regardless of their gender; equality meant proving students with the exact same rather than providing students with opportunities and experiences based on what they needed in order to succeed and better t hemselves. Equality does not only focus on gender and understanding, it also includesRead MoreMulticultural Education int the United States1665 Words   |  7 Pagestheir school environment including classroom settings, school wide activities, and curriculum as it becomes more evident that the benefits of teaching cultural diversity within the school setting will positively influence our communities, and ultimately the entire nation’s future. The purpose of this paper is to share the pros and cons of multicultural education in the classroom. Additionally, I will express my views compared to those in the reading requirements for this assignment, as well as, newRead MoreMulticultural Competence Of School Psychologists1031 Words   |  5 Pagesaware that an effective school professional is multiculturally competent and able to make sense of students’ sociocultural, socioracial, and sociopolitical backgrounds that present themselves within a classroom setting. Multicultu rally competent professionals are informed as to which environmental, academic, and community factors combine to support all students’ learning and development across ages and abilities. Twenty-first century American schools are changing in dramatic ways partly because ofRead MoreEducation : The Most Powerful Weapon For Changing The World998 Words   |  4 Pagesbeliefs on what the purpose of education is, what schools are for, what curriculum should contain, what the relationship between students and teachers should be, and what my plan to honor the differences between my students is. By the end of this essay, I will examine my views and decide which well-known educational philosophy my beliefs align with. Once combined, this will form my philosophy of teaching and education. It is important to note that my plan is to teach students aged from preschool to fifthRead MoreThe Link Between Social Interactions Among Peers And School And Academic Outcomes For Over 40 Years Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican and Latino population where students discourage academic achievement (Ogbu, 1986). The purpose of this study is to explain academic achievement by analyzing four factors: the peer pressure effect on students, gender, and student’s particular interest for education compared to their peers, and race and ethnicity. This research relates to social work in many ways. Social workers find this research important because during the adolescent stage, students are finding their own personal identityRead MoreDiversity in Higher Education1432 Words   |  6 PagesCompiling a Case Study In higher education, diversity has many meanings and even more implications. The Encarta World English Dictionary defines diversity as, â€Å"social inclusiveness - ethnic variety, as well as socioeconomic and gender variety, in a group, society, or institution† (Soukhanov, 1999). As important as diversity is tolerance. Encarta World English Dictionary defines tolerance as, â€Å"acceptance of different views - the acceptance of the differing views of other people, e.g. in religiousRead MoreA Study on Financing, Liberal Arts, and Equity1572 Words   |  6 PagesThe existing public education system in America was established when education was a low priority. As the demands for greater education grew, the public education system tried but failed to keep pace with those demands. The educational system must standardize education across America, raise the percentage of students who have mastered basic skills and teach students to understand the importance of learning about a wi de variety of subjects. The value of a liberal arts education and the focus theRead MoreAnalysis Of Deborah Tannen s Article How Male And Female Students Use Language Differently1225 Words   |  5 PagesEducation has always been the most efficient tool for success in the 21st century. Due to it, people become professionals in various spheres, and it also provides means for prosperity. People acquire knowledge in order to lighten challenges they face in everyday life. Education plays a vital role in shaping an individual’s success in personal life. It assists people in earning recognition and respect in social relations with others. It also impacts the development of personal skills and the futureRead MoreEssay about Educational Achievement and Development1338 Words   |  6 Pagesfactors of a students’ academic journey. Education as a form of secondary socialisation teaches students, the basic norms and values of society and assists in developing their individual identity. In many cases t here are contributing issues that not only hinder, but can dramatically affect a child’s educational achievement and development; but also impacts negatively on their childhood experience. These contributing factors consist of a person’s class, their gender and/or their race and ethnicity; whichRead MoreMulticultural Class And Socioeconomic Status1417 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, the United States is comprised of almost 300 different ethnic groups (46). These groups, which make up the population of the United States, are all educated in some way shape or form in American school systems across the country. Educators have to create their instruction in such a way to be inclusive toward all these groups, especially in very diverse areas. By teaching about different cultures to the class they can have a better understanding

The Theory of Evolution and Survival of the Fittest Essay

Does evolving from a living thing such as a tiny cell sound crazy? The theory of evolution, in basic terms, speculates that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor. The theory of evolution and survival of the fittest has been around since the time of the ancient Greeks and maybe earlier. Evolution has provided people of the world with an explanation of how everyone and everything got here. Although, this theory has sparked a lot of debate, the factual side of evolution is quite interesting. Contrary to popular belief, Charles Darwin was not the first person to come up with evolution. It’s been around for many centuries. For example, Mark Felix (170-250 AD) and Lactantious (260-330 AD) were believers in evolution way†¦show more content†¦These are the most famous. Survival of the fittest is the best way to describe evolution. If an organism is well suited for its environment, it will not be killed off as fast as an organism not well suited for the environment. Organisms in the same environment with the same eating habits are constantly competing for resources, so whichever organism is better suited will survive and kill off the weaker or less suited organisms. The organism surviving better will then pass his beneficial genes to his offspring and they will be better suited too. Since these organisms are better suited for their environment, they will keep surviving and reproducing. Later on, the whole population will have the characteristic bettering them for their environment, making it easier for them to survive as well. The beneficial changes to the organism can later result in an entirely different creature. Another piece of evidence regarding evolution is vestigial organs. A vestigial organ is an organ that was once useful in an animal†™s or humans’ evolutionary past, but that now is useless or very close to useless. There are some organs in organisms’ bodies that are useless and do not serve a purpose so why are they there? For example, the appendix in humans is completely unnecessary and does not serve a purpose in the anatomy of a human body. In theory, vestigial organs may have been useful to animals and humans in their past, but as they evolved; the organShow MoreRelatedThe Finches From The Galapagos Island1255 Words   |  6 PagesChange is the key factor in a species survival, whether that change, is being minimal or extremely dramatic, and without change a species have condemned itself to extinction. Animals have learned to adapt to their surroundings in order to survive, and with these adaptation people can witness new breeds added to the spectrum and see them flourish. Breeds can be defined as a stock of animals or plants within a species having a distinctive appearance and typically hav ing been developed by deliberateRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1173 Words   |  5 Pages It is time to start believing. Evolutionary theories were first proposed by Charles Darwin in the 19th century, and 150 years later, these ideas are still being studied and proven today. Charles Darwin set the basis for these discoveries. Natural Selection and survival of the fittest are two examples of evolution. Charles Darwin once exclaimed, â€Å"It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is the most adaptable to change.† ThisRead MoreArgument Against Evolution By Natural Selection1208 Words   |  5 Pages Comment Powered by Li 1 UCOR 1620 02 Darwin the idea of Evolution Mingxi Li(Jessie) Mar. 8th, 2017 Assignment 3 Argument against Evolution by Natural Selection Abstract Natural selection is one of the numerous theories that attempt to explain the evolution of living things from their primitive origins to the more advanced organisms existing today. At its core, this theory supports the notion that only the strongest organisms survive in a changing environmentRead MoreCharles Darwin, The Most Influential Nineteenth Century Evolutionary Thinker1176 Words   |  5 Pagesamassing enormous amounts of biological and geological data from his voyage to South America (Fiero 3). In 1859, he published his classic work, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, where he summarizes his theory of evolution with the thought of struggle for survival, or natural selection. Furthermore, natural selection is the idea of groups of species surviving through generations by adapting to changes in the environment and using certain characteristics as an advantage. In additionRead MoreSocial Darwinism Is An Ideology Of Society1566 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Darwinism is an ideology of society that seeks to apply biological concepts of the laws of evolution by natural selection of evolutionary theory to sociology and politics, often with the assumption that conflict between groups in society leads to social progress a s superior groups outcompete inferior ones. How we got to the point of coining the modern term of â€Å"Social Darwinism† we would have to turn to the famous man himself, Charles Darwin. At first glance, Charles Darwin seems an unlikelyRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution859 Words   |  4 PagesAnother issue is that Darwin’s theory has many holes the scientists are unable to fill. These holes are obvious in Dwain’s theory of evolution. Craig Belanger works for EBSCO Publishing he stated in his Biography of Charles Darwin, which was found on the TRC database under Book Collection Nonfiction: High School Edition Belanger said that, Although there are many facets to Darwin s theory of evolution by natural selection, at its core is the idea that a species ability to evolve is based on itsRead MoreThe Theory of Evolution754 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: EVOLUTION The Theory of Evolution By Student’s Name Name of University Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution has been a topic of controversy since it was promulgated in the late 1800s. Nonetheless, its tenets remain strong, with many modern day scientists making discoveries that support Darwin’s theories of evolution, natural selection, and survival of the fittest. In The Origin of Species, Darwin calls the process of natural selection or survival of the fittest, the preservationRead MoreScientific Theories Aligning with Evolution721 Words   |  3 Pagesanalysing relevant diagrams and information explaining the process of evolution it will be evident of which scientists’ evolutionary theory best aligns with the evolution of the chosen species.Living organisms are believed to have developed from earlier forms throughout history as a result of Evolution (oxforddictionaries,2014). The species to be further researched on is the Giraffe. ‘Darwinism’ and ‘Lamarckism’ are the two main theories focused on throughout the analysis, both will be investigated toRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of Evolution1495 Words   |  6 Pageshe found to explain his theories of evolution. Darwin knew that the text he was writing was controversial and many people discussed the evidence Darwin had presented. This evolution is simply a theory; There are strengths and weaknesses that do not exist if it were a fact. Three of evolutions strengths are the evidence of fossils and the connection between living animals and animals of the past, the idea of natural selection, and Darwins theory of survival of the fittest and freedom of the 19thRead MoreEvolution Study Guide1319 Words   |  6 PagesEVOLUTION STUDY GUIDE o Define the following terms: 1. Evolution – a change in the number of times specific genes that codes for specific characteristics occur within an interbreeding population over a period of time. 2. Fossils – preserved remains of organisms that lived long ago, usually in sedimentary rock. 3. Acquired traits – organisms that acquire, not inherit, traits over a period of time and that cannot be passed down to the next generation. 4. Artificial selection – a breeder that selects

Similes In If We Must Die By Claude Mckay - 868 Words

Claude McKay was a Jamaican poet who brought hopefulness to the oppressed during the Harlem Renaissance in his poem, â€Å"If We Must Die†. McKay experienced the hardships that colored people were going through because of their race and nationality. He believed that the people should fight for what they believe in, even if it seems like a hopeless cause. McKay uses the concept of dying with dignity to persuade his fellow African-Americans that are being oppressed to fight for what they believe in. McKay uses literary devices such as similes to make a comparisons expressing how the African-Americans were being treated. He does this to show the people what the oppressors view them as and what they should be viewed as. This forces the people to†¦show more content†¦McKay says, â€Å"While round us bark the mad hungry dogs,/ making their mock at the accused lot† (l. 3-4). This symbolizes and compares the hunger of a dog to the hunger that the people have for freedom. This further proves that the freedom is much needed for both them, and future generations. This shows the reader that freedom is a right that all people no matter the race or nationality is entitled to. It then further proves to the reader that freedom from oppression is a concept that is worth fighting for. Especially since their rights are being taken away from them. Mckay uses this simile to further verify the need to fight for the cause. McKay uses hopeful words and exclamation marks to rally his people to fight back for the cause. McKay used this tactic when he says, â€Å"We must meet the common foe!† (l. 9), to show that the oppressors are equal to them. This in turn encourages the African-Americans that they do have a chance to fight back. The emphasis with the exclamation points, and the encouraging words give the reader a sense of hope that the fight is possible. In the poem, exclamations serve the purpose of motivating the people to fight for freedom of oppression. While hopeful words encourage them that the cause is manageable and that they can change the future. An example of this is when McKay says, â€Å"even the monsters we defy/Shall be constrained to honor us though dead!† (l. 7-8). McKay shows that even the oppressors will have to honor them for dying nobilly withShow MoreRelatedIf We Must Die by: Claude Mckay (Analysis Paper)1084 Words   |  5 PagesShaymeon Robertson AP English Literature If We Must Die By: Claude McKay If We Must Die, by Claude McKay is a sonnet written during the Harlem Renaissance period; a period where there was a flowering of African-American literature and art, (1919- mid 1930s). Though the Harlem Renaissance period was a time of thriving people and culture in the African-American community, prejudice was still very much active; somethingRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War796 Words   |  4 Pages1900. And it consisted of lynching African Americans, it consisted of burning African Americans, it consisted of whipping African Americans. It consisted of all kinds of violence against African Americans for asserting themselves in any way. â€Æ' Claude McKay was born on September 15 1889 in Clarendon Jamaica. The son of peasant farmers, he was infused with racial pride and a great sense of his African heritage. His early literary interests, though, were in English poetry. He was a Jamaican-AmericanRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance Period : Langston Hughes And Claude Mckay1178 Words   |  5 Pagesand musicians made a stand and spoke out for themselves and their people. Langston Hughes and Claude McKay are two poets during this time period that expressed their thoughts and feelings to this time period, each in very different ways. Hughes and McKay each wrote touching poems that described their point of view to this time period in which they use various methods of tone and theme, as well as similes to convey a vivid image of how it was during this time period for African Americans. Hughes couldRead MoreIf We Must Die By Claude Mckay1665 Words   |  7 PagesThe poem â€Å"If We Must Die† is written by African American author, Claude McKay. â€Å"If We Must Die† was written just a few decades after slavery was abolished. It was created at a time when blacks were highly discriminated and segregation was common. Mckay life was filled with hardships, especially as a writer. Roger M. Valade III said The United States proved not to be the land of opportunity for which McKay had hoped. Editors of larger publications refused his work because he sympathized withRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War1155 Words   |  5 Pagesconsisted of lynching African Americans, burning African Americans, whipping of African Americans and countless other inhuman acts of mortality. It consisted of all kinds of violence against African Americans for asserting themselves in any way. Claude McKay was born on September 15 1889 in Clarendon Jamaica. The son of peasant farmers, he was infused with racial pride and a great sense of his African heritage. His early literary interests, though, were in English poetry. He was a Jamaican-AmericanRead MoreLet It Not Be Like Hog Poem Analysis1127 Words   |  5 PagesIf we must die—let it not be like hogs The simile â€Å"let it not be like hog† motivates the audience to die with dignity, it does this by implanting the thought of dying like a hog, since hogs often die a brutal and cruel death this simile motivates the audience to die a righteous death. This is a powerful line as it states the idea of the poem and sets the scene for the audience. This line is the beginning of an extended metaphor. Hunted and penned in an inglorious spot, This line (consisting of theRead More The Life and Times of Claude McKay Essay2788 Words   |  12 Pages The life and Writings of Claude McKay Introduction nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Every literary period can be defined by a group of writers. For the Harlem Renaissance, which was an extraordinary eruption of creativity among Black Americans in all fields of art, Claude McKay was the leader. Claude McKay was a major asset to the Harlem Renaissance with his contributions of such great pieces of writings such as â€Å"If We Must Die† and â€Å"The Lynching.† McKay wrote in many different styles. His work whichRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1330 Words   |  6 Pagesand This side of Paradise. Claude Mckay grew up loving writing and making poems. He was known for his during the Harlem Renaissance for voicing his voice on the social injustices. He also is known for two other poems called â€Å"If we must Die† and â€Å"Harlem Shadows†. Both of these authors wrote during the 1920s and have very similarities of what they had written about during that time period. Fitzgerald focuses more on the rich people and their American lifestyle while Mckay focused on the African AmericanRead MoreAnalysis Of Claude Mckay s If We Must Die1141 Words   |  5 Pages Claude McKay is known as a great writer because he wrote from his heart. Whether he was writing about his love for his Jamaican homeland or the injustices he saw as a black man in the United States, his use of passionate language is what made his writings resonate with readers from all backgrounds. He wrote â€Å"If We Must Die† following the Red Summer of 1919, a series of race riots that took place between May and October. In those five months, thousands of African-Americans were hunted and persecutedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Great Gatsby 2136 Words   |  9 Pagesachieving landings, turning corners, and persevering in the darkish while there is no moderate. She commands him, â€Å"So boy, don’t you switch again.† She instructs him now not to go back down the stairs despite the fact that he think s climbing is rough. He must are trying to not fall due to the fact that his mom is still going, nonetheless mountaineering, and her lifestyles â€Å"ain’t been no crystal stair.† Hughes wrote mother to Son When he was as soon as 21 years historical. He structures the poem as a dialog

Childhood Development Multicultural Perspective - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Childhood Development for Multicultural Perspective. Answer: Introduction: It is the aim of theories of child development to focus on the way in which children evolve over time frames and grow in their childhood. Theories like these, focus on different natures of development including social, emotional and cognitive growth. The study of the progress of humans is a varied subject. It is difficult to understand the way in which children grow and act in a specific way. There are several theories behind the behavioural patterns of children based on their age, family relationships or individual temperaments. For getting an insight into human development there are several theories of child development to study and evaluate (Trawick-Smith, 2013). Theories of child development give a certain structure for thinking about human growth and learning. The importance of the study of development is in a sense that people can understand and evaluate the importance of psychological theories of development of children and their attitudes. There are certain factors which motivates human thought and behaviour as well as the provision of insight into the individuals into the society management. The ideas and the theories of child development has changed over the years. At first the concepts of child development were not given much of importance and modest concentration was given to their advances in cognitive abilities, usage of language, physical growth and that occurs during childhood and adolescence. There are certain theories of development which involve cognitive and social growth and some theories focus every aspect of the development (David Weinstein, 2013). The beginning of the twentieth century saw a novel school of thought recognized as behaviourism which was related with the concept of psychology. There was the concept of link of psychology which needed to emphasize only on the visible as well as quantifiable behaviour in order to become a much more valid discipline. The behavioural perspective focuses on the fact that the child behaviour is definable with the help of environmental influences. Behavioural theories of child development give emphasis on how the environmental interaction impacts behaviour and are based on the theories of several researchers. These researches point to the fact that the concept of learning occurs purely through the process of association as well as that of reinforcement. This particular theory is a lot different from erstwhile child development theories as it gives no consideration to the amount of internal thoughts and views. It basically concentrates on the experience regarding the way it shapes human d evelopment management (Gottfried, 2013). The cognitive developmental theory of Piaget focuses on the development of the thought process of a particular person which looks at the way in which the thought processes influence the way individuals understand as well as interact with the world (Greenfield Cocking, 2014). Children and their imitating behaviours: With the rapid pace of progressing generations, children have started meeting with their milestone much earlier or at faster pace than what their ancestors used to. Several factors are responsible for this. It is believed that if the physical behaviour is happening on time, then there is being an appropriate development of the brain. There is an inherent interest in the children to copy the behavioural patterns in the world around them (Groh et al. 2012). Imitation is an extremely powerful way by which the toddlers learn from others. Instead of just manipulating household objects, children start brushing their hair and also start talking over the phone. The toddlers are great imitators and they are eager to assist their caregivers in any way possible in any segment of the home or work. They specifically enjoy spending time with other children and also with people who give them happiness. It is the inherent functioning of the children to imitate the behaviour of those people who are a part of their daily lives (Masten, 2014). By watching and imitating others children learn the most powerful, acceptable and unacceptable forms of behaviour. In case there are inequalities of behaviour the children are bound to observe, learn and copy the behaviour as well. In case children find that people are not treating each other with kindness, respect and patience, children are also bound to follow their example. Children and their development and imagination needs to be encouraged in the positive sense (Barac Bialystok, 2012). Importance of understanding child behaviour: It is not uncommon to understand that the babies, toddlers and pre-schoolers are always learning and they imbibe habits and philosophies wherever they go. Once the babies start getting around on their own they can become whirlwinds of energy and curiosity, learning and the practicing new skills. There needs to be parents and caregivers who give proper education to the young children. The concept of understanding the procedure by which children change and grow over the course of their early years needs to be keenly studied and understood. The way in which children change needs to be properly understood in order to determine the way children grow physically as well as mentally (Bornstein Bradley, 2014). Conclusion: Early childhood development is extremely important in determining the way in which a person develops later on in their lives. The reasons for the way in which the children think and behave can be traced back to their childhood circumstances as well as their environment. Parents play a decisive role in the development of their child. In case the people are involved and provide a nurturing and rice environment they can be sure of contributing in a positive way towards the development of their child. The human brain is the most impressionable in the first few years of a persons life. Therefore it is the obligation of the parents and guardians to guarantee that the developmental procedures are successful and changing in the positive bond with their child. The early childhood development is an extremely important issue which needs to gain recognition for the understanding and awareness of the fact that the first few years of a childs life is extremely important. Children are the potential of the society and therefore it is important for every community to realize that proper steps need to be taken to make certain that each and every child is given the chance to build up properly. References: Barac, R., Bialystok, E. (2012). Bilingual effects on cognitive and linguistic development: Role of language, cultural background, and education.Child development,83(2), 413-422. Bornstein, M. H., Bradley, R. H. (Eds.). (2014).Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development. Routledge. David, T. G., Weinstein, C. S. (Eds.). (2013).Spaces for children: The built environment and child development. Springer Science Business Media. Gottfried, A. W. (Ed.). (2013).Home environment and early cognitive development: Longitudinal research. Academic Press. Greenfield, P. M., Cocking, R. R. (Eds.). (2014).Cross-cultural roots of minority child development. Psychology Press. Groh, A. M., Roisman, G. I., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans?Kranenburg, M. J., Fearon, R. P. (2012). The significance of insecure and disorganized attachment for childrens internalizing symptoms: A meta?analytic study.Child development,83(2), 591-610. Masten, A. S. (2014). Global perspectives on resilience in children and youth.Child development,85(1), 6-20. Trawick-Smith, J. (2013).Early childhood development: A multicultural perspective. Pearson Higher Ed.

Household Behavior and Consumer Choice an Example of the Topic Economics Essays by

Household Behavior and Consumer Choice The patterns of household behavior and the choices the consumers make influence the labor and the capital markets. Household decisions play an important role in the economy because of its invariable relationship with firms. Household behavior and consumer choice may be summarized in the demands of the household, decision regarding the allotment of household budget or household income as it is related to the maximization of utility, substitution processes, the rates of wages and interests, and the cost of leisurely activities. Quijano and Quijano illustrated the influence of household behavior and consumer choice to the labor and capital market through a continuous chain or cycle. Need essay sample on "Household Behavior and Consumer Choice" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Household decisions and consumer choices dictate the supply for labor and capital. The increase of decrease in supply for labor and capital affects the demand for labor and investment that consequently determines the failure or success of firms or business organizations and their capability to produce output supplies. Output supplies are put up in output product markets waiting for the rate of demand for products, which is influenced by household decisions and consumer choices. (Quijano & Quijano, 2007) University Students Usually Tell Us: How much do I have to pay someone to write my paper online? Essay writer professionals suggest: It Is Very Easy And Convenient To Buy Essays Online The role of household decisions and consumer choices is grounded on the assumptions that competing firms cannot control prices, products available in the market are homogenous or similar, and that households are aware of the nature and characteristics of products in terms of quality and price and firms or business organizations reveal information regarding rates of wages and interests, costs of capital, and the prices of output products in the market. Moreover, it is based on three decisions that households need to make such as the quantity of output products to order that then dictates the supply that will be allocated for labor, and spending and saving patterns. (Quijano & Quijano, 2007) These factors identify household behaviors and consumer choices to be vital in economics and market trends. Household or consumer demand or the decision of a household regarding the demand that will be imposed to output products in the market is influenced by the price tagged to the product, the total income of the household or consumer, the accumulated wealth or assets (savings, properties, insurance, etc.) of the household or consumer, the prices of other products in the market, the prices of other products that the household or consumer needs, the inclination of the household or consumer, and the household or consumers assumptions regarding future economic situations pertaining to increased interests that will affect future prices of products, changes in wage rates, etc. (Quijano & Quijano, 2007) These factors that determine household demand dictate the output products that households or consumers are more likely to purchase due to affordability and budget constraints. For instance, the total income of a household or consumer as a determinant of household demand influences opportunities for the household or consumer to purchase products, whether in a limited or limitless fashions, of course related to their likes and dislikes. The maximization of utility refers to the household or consumers decisions when it comes to choosing products that will provide more benefits and fulfillment as compared with other products. Households or consumers distribute their income in order to maximize the advantageous and enjoyable results that they obtain from products. Maximizing utility means that households or consumers are more likely to purchase products that fit their income as well as provide them with full and lasting enjoyment or benefits. (Quijano & Quijano)Income and substitution effects have something to do with the price of products and commodities. The income effect reveals that when the price of a particular product rise, household or consumers tend to lessen their purchase of that product. Moreover, when its price decreases, households and consumers are more likely to purchase that particular product, as well as other products in the market. On the other hand, the substitution effect implies that when the price of specific product increases, households and consumers tend to purchase less of that product or substitute it with products with lower prices. This household behavior and consumer choice influences the demand and supply for a particular product. (Quijano & Quijano, 2007) Wage and interests rates depend on the economic situation. It refers to the actual relationship between wage, interests, and spending. The expenses of a household or consumer are highly dependent on wages and the price increase or decrease of products in the market. Households and consumers are then faced with the decision regarding expected sum of wage and type of job as well as the prices of products and commodities in the market. The status of the economy determines provided wages and interest rates. Therefore, when an economy is declining, it is unable to provide wage rates that are appropriate for products or commodities with increased interest rates. Households or consumers begin to prioritize and purchase what they need instead of what they need and want. The demand for necessities will stay the same while the purchase for other products will decline. (Waters, 2008) The price of leisure is relative to the rate of wages. This means that time for leisure is compromised if the need to stay engaged in work in order to receive higher wages is prioritized. This influences expenses for leisurely activities and the rate of wages that households or consumers receive. Furthermore, choosing work over leisure is influenced by the demand to purchase a particular need or want, while at the same time compromising other activities or products that decreases time for work and lessens the rate of wages. (Quijano & Quijano, 2007) In general, household behavior and consumer choices, such as patterns of demand, allocation of income for the purpose of maximizing utility, substitution as influenced by income and prices, wages and interest, as well as choosing work over leisure dictate the status of the economy. It determines what products are in demand, what supplies to increase or decrease, etc. It assists in making economic strategies and decisions based on the behavior and choices of households and consumers. In addition, determining household behavior and consumer choices provides relevant information to firms or business organizations in order to adjust organizational goals and objectives to suit the needs and demands of consumers as well as to become successful in the realization of these goals and objectives. (Crowe, Shuh, & Stavins, 2005) References Crowe, M., Shuh, S. Consumer Behavior and Payment Choice Quijano, F. Household Behavior and Consumer Choices. August 24, 2008, from Prentice Hall Business Publishing. Website: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/bp/bp_case_econ_8/chapter/ppt/case_econ08_ppt_06.ppt Waters, J. (2008). Economy Forces Major Shift in Spending. Retrieved August 24, 2008 The Wall Street Journal. Website: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121338190561972555.html

The Boer War in South Africa (1899-1902)

The Boer War in South Africa (1899-1902) From October 11, 1899, until May 31, 1902, the Second Boer War (also known as the South African War and the Anglo-Boer War) was fought in South Africa between the British and the Boers (Dutch settlers in southern Africa). The Boers had founded two independent South African republics (the Orange Free State and the South African Republic) and had a long history of distrust and dislike for the British that surrounded them. After gold was discovered in the South African Republic in 1886, the British wanted the area under their control. In 1899, the conflict between the British and the Boers burgeoned into a full-fledged war that was fought in three stages: a Boer offensive against British command posts and railway lines, a British counteroffensive that brought the two republics under British control, and a Boer guerrilla resistance movement that prompted a widespread scorched-earth campaign by the British and the internment and deaths of thousands of Boer civilians in British concentration camps. The first phase of the war gave the Boers the upper hand over British forces, but the latter two phases eventually brought victory to the British and placed the previously independent Boer territories firmly under British dominion leading, eventually, to the complete unification of South Africa as a British colony in 1910. Who Were the Boers? In 1652, the Dutch East India Company established the first staging post at the Cape of Good Hope (the southernmost tip of Africa); this was a place where ships could rest and resupply during the long voyage to the exotic spice markets along India’s western coast. This staging post attracted settlers from Europe for whom life on the continent had become unbearable due to economic difficulties and religious oppression. At the turn of the 18th century, the Cape had become home to settlers from Germany and France; however, it was the Dutch who made up the majority of the settler population. They came to be known as â€Å"Boers†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢- the Dutch word for farmers. As time passed, a number of Boers began migrating to the hinterlands where they believed they would have more autonomy to conduct their daily lives without the heavy regulations imposed on them by the Dutch East India Company. The British Move Into South Africa Britain, who viewed the Cape as an excellent staging post on the route to their colonies in Australia and India, attempted to take control over Cape Town from the Dutch East India Company, which had effectively gone bankrupt.  In 1814, Holland officially handed the colony over to the British Empire. Almost immediately, the British began a campaign to â€Å"Anglicize† the colony. English became the official language, rather than Dutch, and official policy encouraged the immigration of settlers from Great Britain. The issue of slavery became another point of contention. Britain officially abolished the practice in 1834 throughout their empire, which meant that the Cape’s Dutch settlers also had to relinquish their ownership of black slaves. The British did offer compensation to the Dutch settlers for relinquishing their slaves, but this compensation was seen as insufficient and their anger was compounded by the fact that the compensation had to be collected in London, some 6,000 miles away. Boer Independence The tension between Great Britain and South Africa’s Dutch settlers eventually prompted many Boers to move their families further into South Africa’s interior- away from British control- where they could establish an autonomous Boer state. This migration from Cape Town into the South African hinterland from 1835 to the early 1840s came to be known as â€Å"The Great Trek.† (Dutch settlers who remained in Cape Town, and thus under British rule, became known as Afrikaners.) The Boers came to embrace a new-found sense of nationalism and sought to establish themselves as an independent Boer nation, dedicated to Calvinism and a Dutch way of life. By 1852, a settlement was reached between the Boers and the British Empire granting sovereignty to those Boers who had settled beyond the Vaal River in the northeast. The 1852 settlement and another settlement, reached in 1854, brought about the creation of two independent Boer republics- the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. The Boers now had their own home. The First Boer War Despite the Boers’ newly won autonomy, their relationship with the British continued to be tense. The two Boer republics were financially unstable and still relied heavily on British help. The British, conversely, distrusted the Boers- viewing them as quarrelsome and thickheaded. In 1871, the British moved to annex the diamond territory of the Griqua People, which had previously been incorporated by the Orange Free State. Six years later, the British annexed the Transvaal, which was plagued by bankruptcy and endless squabbles with native populations. These moves angered Dutch settlers throughout South Africa. In 1880, after first allowing the British to defeat their common Zulu enemy, the Boers finally rose up in rebellion, taking up arms against the British with the purpose of reclaiming the Transvaal. The crisis is known as the First Boer War. The First Boer War lasted only a few short months, from December 1880 until March 1881. It was a disaster for the British, who had greatly underestimated the military skill and efficiency of the Boer militia units. In the early weeks of the war, a group of less than 160 Boer militiamen attacked a British regiment, killing 200 British soldiers in 15 minutes. In late February 1881, the British lost a total of 280 soldiers at Majuba, while the Boers are said to have suffered only one single casualty. Britain’s Prime Minister William E. Gladstone forged a compromise peace with the Boers that granted the Transvaal self-government while still keeping it as an official colony of Great Britain. The compromise did little to appease the Boers and tension between the two sides continued. In 1884, Transvaal President Paul Kruger successfully renegotiated the original agreement. Although control of foreign treaties remained with Britain, Britain did, however, drop the Transvaal’s official status as a British colony. The Transvaal was then officially renamed the South African Republic. Gold The discovery of roughly 17,000 square miles of gold fields in Witwatersrand in 1886, and the subsequent opening of those fields for public digging would make the Transvaal region the prime destination for gold diggers from all over the globe. The 1886 gold rush not only transformed the poor, agrarian South African Republic into an economic powerhouse, it also caused a great deal of turmoil for the young republic. The Boers were leery of the foreign prospectors- whom they dubbed â€Å"Uitlanders† (â€Å"outlanders†)- pouring into their country from across the world to mine the Witwatersrand fields. Tensions between Boers and Uitlanders eventually prompted Kruger to adopt harsh laws that would limit the general freedoms of the Uitlanders and seek to protect Dutch culture in the region. These included policies to limit access to education and press for Uitlanders, making the Dutch language obligatory, and keeping the Uitlanders disenfranchised. These policies further eroded relations between Great Britain and the Boers as many of those rushing to the gold fields were British sovereigns. Also, the fact that Britain’s Cape Colony had now slipped into the South African Republic’s economic shadow, made Great Britain even more determined to secure its African interests and to bring the Boers to heel.   The Jameson Raid The outrage expressed against Kruger’s harsh immigration policies caused many in the Cape Colony and in Britain itself to anticipate a widespread Uitlander uprising in Johannesburg. Among them was the Cape Colony’s prime minister and diamond magnate Cecil Rhodes. Rhodes was a staunch colonialist and thus believed Britain should acquisition the Boer territories (as well as the gold fields there). Rhodes sought to exploit Uitlander discontent in the Transvaal and pledged to invade the Boer republic in the event of an uprising by Uitlanders. He entrusted 500 Rhodesian (Rhodesia having been named after him) mounted police to his agent, Dr. Leander Jameson. Jameson had express instructions not to enter the Transvaal until an Uitlander uprising was underway. Jameson ignored his instructions and on December 31, 1895, entered the territory only to be captured by Boer militiamen. The event, known as the Jameson Raid, was a debacle and forced Rhodes to resign as the Cape’s prime minister. The Jameson raid only served to increase tension and distrust between the Boers and the British. Kruger’s continued harsh policies against the Uitlanders and his cozy relationship with Britain’s colonial rivals, continued to fuel the empire’s ire towards the Transvaal republic during the waning years of the 1890s. Paul Kruger’s election to a fourth term as president of the South African Republic in 1898, finally convinced Cape politicians that the only way to deal with the Boers would be through the use of force. After several failed attempts at reaching a compromise, the Boers had their fill and by September of 1899 were preparing for full war with the British Empire. That same month the Orange Free State publicly declared its support for Kruger. The Ultimatum On October 9th, Alfred Milner, the governor of the Cape Colony, received a telegram from authorities in the Boer capital of Pretoria. The telegram laid out a point-by-point ultimatum. The ultimatum demanded peaceful arbitration, the removal of British troops along their border, British troop reinforcements be recalled, and that British reinforcements who were coming via ship, not land. The British replied that no such conditions could be met and by the evening of October 11, 1899, Boer forces began crossing over the borders into Cape Province and Natal. The Second Boer War had begun. The Second Boer War Begins: The Boer Offensive Neither the Orange Free State nor the South African Republic commanded large, professional armies. Their forces, instead, consisted of militias called â€Å"commandos† that consisted of â€Å"burghers† (citizens). Any burgher between the ages of 16 and 60 was liable to be called up to serve in a commando and each often brought their own rifles and horses. A commando consisted of anywhere between 200 and 1,000 burghers and was headed by a â€Å"Kommandant† who was elected by the commando itself. Commando members, furthermore, were allowed to sit as equals in general councils of war to which they often brought their own individual ideas about tactics and strategy. The Boers who made up these commandos were excellent shots and horsemen, as they had to learn to survive in a very hostile environment from a very young age. Growing up in the Transvaal meant that one often had protected one’s settlements and herds against lions and other predators.  This made the Boer militias a formidable enemy. The British, on the other hand, were experienced with leading campaigns on the African continent and yet were completely unprepared for a full-scale war. Thinking that this was a mere squabble that would soon be resolved, the British lacked reserves in ammunition and equipment; plus, they had no suitable military maps available for use either.   The Boers took advantage of the British’s ill-preparedness and moved quickly in the early days of the war. Commandos spread out in several directions from the Transvaal and Orange Free State, besieging three railway towns- Mafeking, Kimberley, and Ladysmith- in order to impede the transport of British reinforcements and equipment from the coast. The Boers also won several major battles during the early months of the war. Most notably these were the battles of Magersfontein, Colesberg, and Stormberg, which all occurred during what became known as â€Å"Black Week† between December 10 and 15, 1899. Despite this successful initial offensive, the Boers never sought to occupy any of the British-held territories in South Africa; they focused instead on besieging supply lines and ensuring that the British were too undersupplied and disorganized to launch their own offensive. In the process, the Boers greatly taxed their resources and their failure to push further into British-held territories allowed the British time to resupply their armies from the coast. The British may have faced defeat early on but the tide was about to turn. Phase Two: The British Resurgence By January of 1900, neither the Boers (despite their many victories) nor the British had made much headway. The Boer sieges of strategic British rail lines continued but the Boer militias were rapidly growing weary and low on supplies. The British government decided it was time to gain the upper hand and sent two troop divisions to South Africa, which included volunteers from colonies like Australia and New Zealand. This amounted to roughly 180,000 men- the largest army Britain had ever sent overseas to this point. With these reinforcements, the disparity between the numbers of troops was huge, with 500,000 British soldiers but only 88,000 Boers. By late February, British forces had managed to move up strategic railway lines and finally relieve Kimberley and Ladysmith from Boer besiegement. The Battle of Paardeberg, which lasted nearly ten days, saw a major defeat of Boer forces. Boer general Piet Cronjà © surrendered to the British along with more than 4,000 men. A series of further defeats greatly demoralized the Boers, who were also plagued by starvation and disease brought on by months of sieges with little to no supply relief. Their resistance began to collapse. By March 1900, British forces led by Lord Frederick Roberts had occupied Bloemfontein (the capital of the Orange Free State) and by May and June, they had taken Johannesburg and the South African Republic’s capital, Pretoria. Both republics were annexed by the British Empire. Boer leader Paul Kruger escaped capture and went into exile in Europe, where much of the population’s sympathy lay with the Boer cause. Squabbles erupted within Boer ranks between the bittereinders (â€Å"bitter-enders†) who wanted to keep fighting and those hendsoppers (â€Å"hands-uppers†) who favored surrender.  Many Boer burghers did end up surrendering at this point, but about 20,000 others decided to fight on. The last, and most destructive, phase of the war was about to begin. Despite the British victories, the guerrilla phase would last more than two years. Phase Three: Guerrilla Warfare, Scorched Earth, and Concentration Camps Despite having annexed both Boer republics, the British barely managed to control either one. The guerrilla war that was launched by resistant burghers and led by generals Christiaan de Wet and Jacobus Hercules de la Rey, kept the pressure on British forces throughout the Boer territories. Rebel Boer commandos relentlessly raided British communication lines and army bases with swift, surprise attacks often conducted at night. Rebel commandos had the ability to form on a moment’s notice, conduct their attack and then vanish as if into thin air, confusing British forces who barely knew what had hit them. The British response to the guerrillas was three-fold. Firstly, Lord Horatio Herbert Kitchener, commander of the South African British forces, decided to set up barbed wire and blockhouses along the railway lines to keep the Boers at bay. When this tactic failed, Kitchener decided to adopt a â€Å"scorched earth† policy that systematically sought to destroy food supplies and deprive the rebels of shelter. Whole towns and thousands of farms were plundered and burned; livestock was killed. Lastly, and perhaps most controversially, Kitchener ordered the construction of concentration camps in which thousands of women and children- mostly those left homeless and destitute by his scorched earth policy- were interred.   The concentration camps were severely mismanaged. Food and water were scarce in the camps and starvation and disease caused the deaths of over 20,000. Black Africans were also interred in segregated camps primarily as a source of cheap labor for gold mines. The camps were widely criticized, especially in Europe where British methods in the war were already under heavy scrutiny. Kitchener’s reasoning was that the internment of civilians would not only further deprive the burghers of food, which had been supplied to them by their wives on the homestead, but that it would prompt the Boers to surrender in order to be reunited with their families. Most notable among the critics in Britain was Liberal activist Emily Hobhouse, who worked tirelessly to expose the conditions in the camps to an outraged British public. The revelation of the camp system severely damaged the reputation of Britain’s government and furthered the cause for Boer nationalism abroad.   Peace Nevertheless, the strong-arm tactics of the British against the Boers eventually served their purpose. The Boer militias grew weary of fighting and morale was breaking down. The British had offered peace terms in March of 1902, but to no avail. By May of that year, however, Boer leaders finally accepted peace conditions and signed the Treaty of Vereenigingon May 31, 1902. The treaty officially ended the independence of both the South African Republic and the Orange Free State and placed both territories under British army administration. The treaty also called for the immediate disarmament of the burghers and included a provision for funds to be made available for the reconstruction of the Transvaal. The Second Boer War had come to an end and eight years later, in 1910, South Africa was united under British dominion and became the Union of South Africa.